‘Air Hunger’ Is A Symptom Of Anxiety We Don’t Talk About Nearly Enough

When Seeley Lutz, a 26-year-old from Alexandria, Virginia, feels overwhelmed — either in a social situation or by all she has to get done — she said she feels like her body starts to shut down.

“I often feel like there’s something heavy sitting atop my chest or blocking my airways, leaving me unable to breathe,” Lutz said. “It truly feels like you’re suffocating even when there’s plenty of oxygen available.”

What she’s experiencing — and what many people experience — is called “air hunger.” John Scott Haldane and James Lorrain Smith coined the term in a 1892 paper. And it’s a common symptom of anxiety, although people rarely talk about how it feels ― or even know that it has a name.

Simply put, air hunger is the feeling that you can’t get enough air. From a medical standpoint, it’s referred to as dyspnea. When anxiety causes it, it’s tied to the “fight or flight” response.

“When we perceive a threat, whether real or imagined, the brain signals the body to enter fight-or-flight mode,” explained Gayle Watts, a clinical psychologist with Turning Tides Psychology. “This activates the sympathetic nervous system, which increases heart rate, tenses muscles and alters breathing patterns.”

To the body, a threat isn’t always as primal or life-threatening as being chased by a bear. It can also be giving a presentation, experiencing a trauma trigger or anything in between.

When your sympathetic nervous system is activated, you may hyperventilate or breathe too quickly or shallowly. That’s where the feeling like you can’t get enough air comes in.

And unfortunately, what may feel instinctual can make matters worse. “Paradoxically, the more we focus on our breathing and try to ‘fix’ it, the more we reinforce the cycle of anxiety and air hunger,” Watts added.

Anxiety and air hunger can become cyclical: You feel anxious, so you experience air hunger, and then struggling to breathe triggers more anxiety. You may then become anxious about, well, feeling anxious, rather than the original threat.

Kyle Elliott, a tech career coach who has anxiety disorders and lives in Santa Barbara, California, has experienced this firsthand. “The stress of the situation caused further anxiety and panic, which only made it seemingly more difficult to breathe,” he said. “I’ve never experienced something so scary before.”

What exactly is behind that? “Anxiety can amplify the perception of breathing difficulties by increasing attention to respiratory sensations, sometimes even when there is no actual physiological distress,” said Harry Cohen, a psychologist and author of ”Be The Sun, Not The Salt.” “The bottom line is that it appears very real to us and feels bad.”

The good news is it won’t last forever. “Air hunger typically subsides relatively quickly,” said Jenelle Thompson-Keene, a licensed professional counsellor with Thriveworks in Champaign, Illinois, specialising in anxiety, coping skills and stress.

If it happens frequently, is intense, or lasts longer than a couple of minutes, or is accompanied by chest pain or nausea, she encouraged seeking help from a professional. Otherwise, the coping skills below should do the trick.

There are a few therapist-backed ways to manage air hunger and your anxiety.

Ekaterina Goncharova via Getty Images

There are a few therapist-backed ways to manage air hunger and your anxiety.

How To Manage Air Hunger

Several physical and mental techniques can calm your body in mere moments. Here are some examples the mental health clinicians shared:

Expose yourself to cold temperatures.

Going outside on a colder day, washing your hands with cold water, taking a cold shower and even dunking your face in a bowl of ice water can calm your anxiety. Thompson-Keene explained it can slow your heart rate. Basically — and at least in the case of dunking your face — you’re triggering the “dive reflex.”

Ground yourself with your senses.

Another way to manage anxiety — and therefore air hunger — is by getting in touch with your five senses with the 5-4-3-2-1 technique.

“Try naming five things you can see, four things you can touch, three things you can hear, two things you can smell and one thing you can taste,” Watts said. “This brings your awareness back to the present moment and helps disrupt anxious thought patterns.”

Change your posture.

Even in comfortable positions and when air hunger isn’t an issue, you may not be able to breathe as well. So, it’s especially important to be mindful of how you’re sitting during an air hunger “attack.”

Sitting hunched over can create a sense of restriction, making air hunger feel worse,” Watts said. “If you’re struggling with breathlessness, try sitting up straight or standing and rolling your shoulders back to open up your chest.”

Do a breathing exercise or technique.

As Watts mentioned, people may try to take deeper breaths when they’re experiencing air hunger — it’s only instinctual. And it can make symptoms worse.

“Instead, slowing your breathing and focusing on a structured pattern can help rebalance oxygen and carbon dioxide levels,” she said.

Watts encouraged the 4-7-8 technique: Inhale through your nose for four seconds, hold your breath for seven seconds, then exhale slowly through your mouth for eight seconds.

“This helps activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which signals to your body that you are safe and can relax,” Watts added.

Cohen also suggested controlled breathing exercises, such as diaphragmatic breathing. Essentially, that technique is about taking deep breaths, feeling your stomach rise as you inhale and sink as you exhale.

Studies show that focusing on breath patterns enhances respiratory stability and reduces the unpredictability that often fuels panic,” he said.

Try cognitive reframing.

This cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) skill encourages changing your perspective to be more realistic and helpful.

In the case of air hunger, it might look like this: “Air hunger is a perception, not a true lack of oxygen.”

“By understanding the role of the brain in amplifying sensations, people can learn to reinterpret the experience as non-threatening, reducing the emotional distress associated with it,” Cohen explained.

Repeat a positive mantra.

One Thompson-Keene suggested was “I’m safe and this will pass.”

She added, “It is a way to help ground your mind and body in the present moment.”

Practice mindfulness-based stress reduction.

This toolkit is similar to some of the other tips. In practice, it might look like breath awareness, body scans and mindful movement.

Its usefulness is research-backed, too. Cohen said it “has been shown to decrease anxiety by improving one’s ability to interpret bodily sensations accurately, reducing the tendency to catastrophise normal fluctuations in breathing.”

Further, a study in JAMA Psychiatry found it as effective as the gold-standard drug, escitalopram, for patients with anxiety disorders.

Give yourself a ‘butterfly hug.’

This technique incorporates breathing and cross-body tapping, Thompson-Keene said, which many find helpful. She shared this YouTube video that explains how to do it. In short, put your left hand on your right arm and vice versa. Then, tap your arms, focus on breathing, and repeat positive mantras to yourself.

Lutz is a fan of this one. “I’ve found that butterfly hugs sometimes help with this feeling, which is great,” she said.

Whichever tip you use, and however long it takes to work, remember you will survive this, too.

“In a very short period of time, you should be feeling much better,” Cohen said. “Remember, what you’re feeling does feel unpleasant, but it will soon pass.”

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Dealing With A Narcissist? You Need To Use This Genius ‘Grey Rock Method’

Dealing with a narcissist, or even any kind of antagonistic person, can be challenging to say the least. It’s hard to communicate effectively with someone who actually isn’t committed to conflict resolution.

Enter the “grey rock method.” This strategy offers a helpful way to protect your peace while navigating interactions with difficult people, particularly narcissists.

So what exactly is the grey rock method? Below, experts break it down.

What is the grey rock method?

“The grey rock method is a communication strategy intended to minimise conflict and drama from narcissists and other high-conflict people,” Virginia Gilbert, a licensed marriage and family therapist, told HuffPost. “Think of a simple grey rock that’s so nondescript-looking that it almost fades into the background. It doesn’t engender an emotional response from the viewer. Essentially, you want to ‘be’ that grey rock and communicate in a manner that’s as ‘boring’ as possible ― keeping things brief, sticking to facts and avoiding anything that comes across as emotional so you don’t unwittingly invite drama from your high-conflict person.”

People tend to try this method when they have to interact with someone who stirs up chaos and drama and blames them for things, whether it’s an ex-spouse, an emotionally immature parent or someone else in their life.

“Your responses include statements like ‘Yes,’ ‘No,’ ‘That’s interesting,’ or ‘We’ll see,’” said Chelsey Brooke Cole, a psychotherapist specialising in narcissistic abuse. “You don’t share about your ups and downs, or highs and lows. You don’t talk about your emotions, goals, dreams, hopes or aspirations.”

Basically, don’t give a manipulative person anything they can use against you in the future. Avoid providing “narcissistic supply” ― which is the attention, validation, emotional response, drama or anything that fuels their inflated sense of self and power. The goal is to be dull and unengaging.

“In some ways, it’s similar to how certain animals feign death to avoid being attacked by predators ― the predator loses interest when there’s no chase. Similarly, by presenting as unreactive and emotionally flat, the narcissist often becomes bored and may eventually stop engaging altogether,” said Hannah Alderete, a licensed mental health counsellor and the author of “Break Free From Narcissistic Mothers: A Step-by-Step Workbook for Ending Toxic Behaviour, Setting Boundaries, and Reclaiming Your Life.”

What are the benefits of using this method?

“If you’re in a relationship with a narcissistic person, you know how draining it can be,” said licensed marriage and family therapist Natalie Moore. “Implementing the grey rock method can help you take your personal power back in the relationship. If you’ve tried communicating your needs directly with the person or tried setting firm boundaries to no avail, the gray rock method can be a great last-ditch effort to create distance between yourself and the narcissist.”

When you stop allowing yourself to be used as narcissistic supply, they will likely disengage from you. “Grey rocking” is also a great way to de-escalate conflict and protect yourself in toxic or abusive dynamics.

“It can be especially useful in short-term or unavoidable interactions ― like a phone call, family gathering, or any situation where you sense manipulation or baiting,” Alderete said.

Keeping your responses to them short, factual and limited to the scope of what you need to discuss with a narcissist is also a form of boundary-setting in itself. Going grey rock creates emotional distance and minimises the amount of personal information you give the other person.

“This is important because narcissists use what they know about you to manipulate you more effectively,” Cole said. “For example, if a narcissist knows you’ve been betrayed in previous relationships, they’ll claim you have ‘trust issues’ when you call them out on their inconsistencies. Narcissists also love baiting you into long conversations because this is how they feel powerful and in control. Without grey rocking, you end up engaging, explaining and defending yourself a lot more than you wanted to, which only feeds their ego and feeling of superiority.”

“Grey rocking” is also a great way to de-escalate conflict and protect yourself in toxic or abusive dynamics.

Johnce / Getty Images

“Grey rocking” is also a great way to de-escalate conflict and protect yourself in toxic or abusive dynamics.

By refusing to take the bait or display an emotional reaction, you limit their ammunition and ability to hit your pain points. Cole compared the narcissist’s new situation to throwing a dart with a blindfold on ― they might hit the bullseye, but their odds are significantly lower.

“The grey rock method is particularly useful in the early stages of separating from an abusive partner or during volatile exchanges. It can also be helpful with toxic coworkers or colleagues,” said Tina Swithin, author of “Divorcing a Narcissist: One Mom’s Battle.”

When you’re facing a conflict with someone at work or engaged in a legal dispute, the grey rock method can allow you to keep your correspondence civil ― which can be useful if it ends up in front of a judge or the HR department. You want to ensure you come across as reasonable.

“The other benefit is that, over time, it will relieve you of the toxic hope that anything you could ever say will give the high-conflict person in your life an epiphany, or get them to see your side of things,” Gilbert said. “Clinging to this hope can make you miserable, which can then lead you to fire off an overly dramatic email in a burst of frustration.”

Even just one angry email from you gives them something to point to as “proof” that you’re the bad guy and they’re the true victim, she added.

“Initially, you might feel that you’re placating the high-conflict person in your life by using the grey rock method,” Gilbert said. “But if using it over time helps you detach from their craziness, feel calmer and focus on people who are good for you, that’s a huge win for you.”

Are there any downsides?

“Grey rocking is not a sustainable long-term strategy, as it can become emotionally and psychically draining to dull yourself down repeatedly,” Alderete said.

She believes this temporary fix is best used sparingly, in time-limited interactions or as a last resort when you need to conserve your energy.

“Individuals who pride themselves in their own self-growth and healing journey may feel as though grey rocking is a Band-Aid solution versus actually addressing a deeper relationship issue,” Moore said. “You may need to consider a more complete plan to handle the narcissist, such as setting boundaries or disengagement.”

She added that implementing this method can also make some folks feel uncomfortable and inauthentic. People pleasers and fawners might experience guilt or anxiety.

“If you’re the type of person who is generally an open book and enjoys sharing themselves with others, it might feel very awkward or unnatural to be so ‘blah.’” Moore said.

Keep in mind that some narcissists might actually escalate their harmful behaviour in response to the loss of attention, validation and control they feel. So you’ll ned to feel prepared to deal with the aftermath and have additional strategies in your arsenal.

“While gray rock is helpful in theory, it can backfire in certain real-world contexts, especially in family court or co-parenting situations,” Swithin noted. “When someone appears cold, detached or robotic in written or verbal communication, it may be misinterpreted by judges, mediators or professionals as combative, uncooperative or emotionally unstable.”

Having seen how judges and other family court professionals view survivors who utilise grey rock, she developed a more adaptable, strategic communication style called “yellow rock.”

“Yellow rock helps individuals remain calm, polite and firm ― while also protecting their credibility in legal and professional settings,” Swithin said, adding that it combines “the emotional boundaries of grey rock” with a more pleasant and thoughtful tone.

If the gray rock method isn't right for a certain situation, you can also try the "yellow rock" approach.

LaylaBird via Getty Images

If the gray rock method isn’t right for a certain situation, you can also try the “yellow rock” approach.

The goal is to bring a cordial, cooperative and more emotionally accessible vibe while still keeping engagement and unnecessary information minimal.

“This version allows for a bit more warmth, which can be helpful in contexts like co-parenting or social interactions where others are present,” Alderete said. “For example, instead of flat responses like ‘no’ or ‘oh,’ yellow rocking might sound like ‘no, thank you” or “oh, that’s interesting.’”

Cole similarly recommended pleasant yellow rock responses in co-parenting or work settings, with examples like “Thank you!” “The weather is great today!” “Yes, pickup is at 3 p.m. See you then!” or “I appreciate you getting that done.”

“Because gray rock excludes pleasantries like ‘please’ or ‘thank you,’ narcissists twist your communication and claim you’re being uncommunicative, difficult, rigid or bitter,” she explained. ”And at work or in custody situations, you need to come across as the kind, considerate person you are. Yellow rock allows you to bring you to the conversation, while keeping personal information, emotional reactions or sensitive topics at the door.”

How can you implement the grey rock method effectively?

“To use the grey rock method effectively, keep in mind that the purpose is to protect your emotional energy ― not to punish or retaliate against the narcissist,” Alderete said. “The goal is psychological safety through disengagement.”

She recommended offering short, emotionally neutral responses such as “Yeah,” “OK,” or “Oh,” and avoiding any attempt to explain or defend yourself. Cole similarly suggested vague grey rock replies like, “I hear what you’re saying, let me think about that,” “I’m not able to talk about that right now,” or “That’s interesting.”

These types of responses tend to extinguish a narcissist’s attempts to provoke or manipulate because they aren’t getting the reaction they crave.

“Avoid telling stories, sharing your emotional reactions to things or going into any detail,” Moore said. “Limit eye contact and keep your facial expressions as flat and neutral as possible.”

You can also adapt your gray rock approach based on the context. When composing an email or other correspondence, make sure you’re calm as you write and then as you send it.

“Wait 24 hours and reread the draft before you send it, making sure it’s not inflammatory,” Gilbert said, adding that you might also consider working with a mental health professional if you’re struggling with the method and engaging with this person generally.

Once you decide to implement the grey rock method, expect things to get worse before they get better. Grey rocking shifts the power dynamic in relationships, so the other person might feel thrown off when they’re no longer able to bait, trigger or manipulate you to respond how they want.

“It’s likely that initially, the toxic person will lash out in anger or act contemptuously by calling you names, mocking you or upping the ante,” Cole said. “Or the more vulnerable a narcissist is, the more they respond to grey rock with victimhood rather than anger. They might say something like, ‘Do you not even care about me now?’ ‘What happened to you?’ ‘I can’t believe you’re treating me like this,’ or ‘I thought you had a kind heart.’”

She compared the experience to setting a boundary with a child who hasn’t had any before.

“They push the limits until they see where the edge is,” Cole said. “Stay consistent, and stay boring. Eventually, the narcissist is likely to find a more interesting target.”

In the meantime, try to take deep breaths and remain committed, even if the method feels antithetical to your open, agreeable nature. Remember that grey rocking is reserved for antagonistic people looking to exploit and manipulate, not for those who genuinely want to connect with you. Don’t relent, or they’ll realise they can get the response they want if they push back enough.

“It’s like giving a toddler the toy they wanted after they throw a huge fit ― the next tantrum will be even bigger,” Cole said. “Keep using neutral responses, even if you don’t immediately get the results you want. Keep being consistent, and over time, they will likely lose interest and try to bait someone else instead.”

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I Went To Prague And Discovered Tartar Sauce On Chips – Here’s What Other Countries Swear By

I just got home from Prague and there were two huge revelations for me: homemade raspberry lemonade should be on every drinks menu, just as it is in the Czech capital, and tartar sauce goes SO well with chips.

I know, it doesn’t sound like it would fit and to be honest, when my partner and I were offered some for our sides, I politely declined. My partner didn’t, though, and I bravely pinched some for a sample.

I am so glad that I did.

The hot, salty chips we were served combined with the tangy tartar sauce made for a taste sensation. It is a match made in heaven and I can only apologise to the great city of Prague for my oversight.

It did get me wondering though. am I missing out? And what do people around the world prefer to have with their chips?

What people have with fries around the world

Australia

In Australia, chips are often served with chicken salt. On their website, The Chicken Salt Co says this is a mainstay in Australian takeaways and has been for 50 years: “Originally developed in the 1970s by two Europeans living in Adelaide, chicken salt was used as a seasoning for rotisserie chickens to add flavour and colour.

“Chicken shop owners would also add chicken salt to chips (known as hot chips) and it’s popularity spread to all corners of Australia.”

It’s surprisingly not made with chicken and is instead a blend of paprika, sugar, garlic and onion. It is DELICIOUS and I am fully obsessed.

Belgium

According to Belgian Smaak, which is a website and podcast about Belgian beer, Belgian culture, and Belgian beer culture, Belgians eat more fries per capita than any other nation and it’s the world’s biggest exporter of frozen fries.

While Belgians also enjoy tartar sauce with their chips, Belgian Smaak explains they often have Andalouse sauce, which is “essentially mayonnaise made with tomato paste and mixed with crushed, roasted red bell peppers.”

Canada

Canada is home to poutine which is a delicious dish made of fresh-cut french fries topped with cheese curds and gravy.

It. Is. Incredible.

Iceland

According to Icelandic food store Topiceland: “This spice is absolutely essential on French fries. It’s also great in various potato dishes, gratins, sauces, and stews.”

The popular seasoning includes MSG, onion, paprika, spice mix, herb protein and glucose syrup. Sounds amazing.

Netherlands

This one is a constant in our house.

Home cook Kinfolk Recipes explains: “In Holland we like to add fritessaus to our french fries. Fritessaus is a sort of mayonnaise. It is similar to mayonnaise, but with at most 25% fat, it is leaner and usually sweeter than mayonnaise.”

Ingredients include lemon, mustard, and chives.

Romania

In Romania, chips are most often enjoyed with mujdei: a creamy, very garlicky sauce.

According to Romanian food and folklore blog From Dill to Dracula, this sauce contains a whole head of garlic, sour cream, salt, pepper, and vegetable oil. Sounds delicious and utterly pungent.

Scotland

Here in my home of Scotland, we have something called chippy sauce. Only sold on the east coast and very controversial to some people, this sauce is a mix of brown sauce and vinegar. The ratio of each part changes depending on where you are, but in Edinburgh, this tangy treat is available in every chippy and always piques the curiosity of tourists at the Fringe.

The rest of the UK

The UK takes condiments very seriously and in fact, preferences change from one region to another. A 2023 survey found that in northern England, ketchup is the preferred condiment with chips.

In Northern Ireland, people most often opt for gravy and in Wales, a good dousing of curry sauce does the trick.

Vietnam

Food Republic reveals that in Vietnam, “it’s common to enjoy french fries, called khoai tây chiên, with an almost dessert-like dip made of a small scoop of butter with a side of sugar.

“People eat the sweet and buttery combo by dipping crisp fries into the softened butter and then granulated white sugar.”

Honestly? Sold.

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‘It Treats Us Like Children’ – What 5 Autistic People Think Of Netflix’s Love On The Spectrum

Love On The Spectrum season three recently hit Netflix, much to fans’ delight.

A family member of mine, who is autistic and whose dating dramas could honestly fuel a movie franchise, is among them; they got me into it as soon as it went live, and is hooked on the new season.

Speaking to Tudum, executive producer and co-creator Cian O’Clery said he enjoys how its participants “represent the diversity of the spectrum.”

But some autistic people feel that the show, of which the editing is sometimes seen as ‘infantilising’ the cast, is a little ‘patronising’, and actually may give a reductive view of autistic people.

So, we thought we’d ask some autistic people to give us their thoughts on the show.

Of course, these are just a few voices and far from a unified stance on the Netflix hit; people’s thoughts will naturally differ according to each individual.

“My experience as an autistic woman leads me to have conflicting emotions about Love on the Spectrum.”

Katherine Rundell, a writer at Academized.com, told us she had mixed feelings.

“I value the program’s approach to presenting autistic people’s experiences while they explore the deeply human and vulnerable aspects of dating,” she told us.

“Autistic people seldom receive portrayals with emotional depth and even less frequently demonstrate attempts at connection and intimacy therefore this show addresses a significant absence.”

Still, she says, she can’t help but find the show’s approach a little “patronising.”

“The narration seems to treat autistic individuals like children while targeting a neurotypical audience who might react with ‘oohs’ and ‘awws’ instead of focusing directly on the autistic people featured in the show,” she said.

“The show’s tone focuses too much on portraying individuals as endearingly quirky… We seem to be under study rather than being comprehended.”

And while Rundell acknowledges other dating shows use dating coaches, she thinks “their function in this program seems to suggest that autistic individuals require training to become attractive to neurotypical standards” and that it ignores “the legitimacy of neurodivergent ways of showing affection, attraction, or communicating.”

“The series contains beautiful intimate scenes where individuals authentically connect with each other in their unique ways which transcends the editing process,” she concluded.

“And when it’s good, it’s really good. I wish the show would dive deeper into its subjects while posing tougher questions and empowering autistic people to share their personal narratives.”

“I recommend everyone to watch it”

Jessica Whalley, author of The Autistic Mom, says she’s “obsessed” with the show.

“As an autistic person, I made it a priority to watch this from season one,” she added. Her favourite storyline is the one between Abbey and David.

“I tell everyone I know, neurotypical and neurodivergent, to watch the show – not only is it heartwarming, [but] it also shares that autistic adults want and need love and the realities, struggles and joys of that journey.”

“I see myself in the show”

Late-diagnosed mother Erin K Arceri told us she “was a high-masking autistic person most of my life – until my health collapsed about a decade ago, and I couldn’t hide it anymore.”

“I love Love on the Spectrum,” she continued.

“I see so much of myself in many of the people on the show. It’s helped me feel less alone and more seen.”

“I don’t feel fully represented”

Another anonymous source told HuffPost UK that while they enjoy the show, they feel it leaves a portion of the autistic experience out.

“Lots of the families [in the show] seem to have quite a lot of money. But lots of autistic adults are not well off.”

Still, they say, the “drama” of the show has been fun to watch, and they like how the show depicts autistic desire and affection.

“I have dated since I was a teenager and now people might understand that is normal,” they added.

“There’s still a long way to go”

Autistic psychotherapist and founder of The Sensitive Empowerment Community, which “supports sensitive and autistic individuals,” Julie Bjelland, says she also feels conflicted.

“I’ve watched Love on the Spectrum with a blend of appreciation and concern,” she shared.

“While I’m grateful that the show brings conversations about autism and dating into the public eye – and appreciate the inclusion of LGBTQ+ representation – I believe there’s still a long way to go in how autistic people are portrayed.”

One of her main concerns, she says, is that the show focuses on “surface-level depictions of autism, often reinforcing the idea that autistic people are childlike or incapable of independence.”

She says she’d “love to see greater representation of those of us who may not ‘look autistic’ by traditional standards but who are navigating dating, intimacy, and deep emotional connection through an autistic lens.”

Season one included Kaelynn Partlow, who has fewer support needs than other cast members and has since said she thinks she wasn’t included in season two because of her preference for a neurotypical boyfriend and her strong communication skills. Still, she shared on TikTok, “I get it.”

Bjelland, however, likes the inclusion of dating coach Jennifer Cook, who is herself autistic.

“I hope future seasons continue that momentum – by involving more autistic voices behind the scenes and expanding representation to include late-discovered adults, LGBTQ+ folks, and those whose communication and relational styles are more subtle or internal,” she said.

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What You Call This Time May Reveal Your Age, Language Expert Says

Do you say “zed” or “zee”?

If you’re in the UK, the answer might reveal your age, clinical linguist Dr Coral Hoh previously told HuffPost UK; younger people tend to prefer the Americanised version.

Even your use of the space bar can be a tell-tale sign of your generation.

And now, a new post shared to Reddit’s r/AskUK suggests new horror: apparently, the kids don’t say “noon”.

When booking a pub reservation, u/Gloomy_Stage says the young worker on the phone didn’t understand what they meant by the word.

“I was taken aback that the girl didn’t know what noon meant, she was probably young… but I had always assumed it was a commonly used word or am I getting old?” they asked.

We spoke to Anna Pyshna, spokesperson at online language learning platform Preply, about what was really going on.

Younger people almost always know the word but aren’t as likely to use it

There are some generational changes, Pyshna says, but not so much that the word has disappeared from young peoples’ minds entirely.

“Language changes over time, but that doesn’t mean older words just vanish,” she explained.

″‘Noon’ isn’t something most young people in the UK say often, but they still know what it means ― they’re just more likely to say ’12,′ ‘midday,’ or even ‘lunchtime’ instead.”

I’ll be honest, I don’t say it much as a woman in her 20s. And now that I think about it, I’m not sure my friends do either.

“The reason ‘noon’ might sound old-fashioned is because it has a more formal, almost clinical vibe to it,” she added (yep, I definitely think of it as a little stiff).

“Younger people tend to gravitate towards words that feel more fluid and less rigid. ‘Lunchtime,’ for example, is more relaxed and practical – often used in the context of daily routines.

″‘Noon,’ on the other hand, feels more tied to a schedule or specific time, which can feel a bit disconnected from the more laid-back way younger people communicate these days.”

The trend has even affected her teaching

Pyshna says that language tutors try to focus on language that is “current and natural,” meaning she’s less likely to teach the word to those learning English.

Tutors “understand that younger learners want to communicate in a way that aligns with how they actually speak ― rather than relying on older terms,” she added.

“So, while ‘noon’ might still be in the dictionary, it’s not something you’ll hear in everyday conversations among younger Brits.”

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This Humane, Chemical-Free Slug Repellant is Probably Already In Your Kitchen

There are no two ways about it: some slugs can be disastrous for your garden. Between eating your veggies, boring holes in your hydrangeas, and even tunnelling into your tubers (yes, really), the legless leaf-lovers have historically been the enemy of the common British gardener.

Of course, we now know that slugs have their part to play in the ecosystem (even if you wish they didn’t play it so close to your radishes). They’re a vital food source for Britain’s rapidly-decreasing bird population; they do a great job at composting; and they help the overall biodiversity and ecological balance of your lawn (never a bad thing).

Cruelty-free hacks to remove slugs from your garden include putting a scooped-out melon in your yard overnight for the critters before removing the beast-filled rinds the next morning.

And while we love that hack, it seems there’s another, easier trick to keep your veggies slug-free – and it also helps with everything from scaring off birds to keeping deer away and even creating sunboxes.

Simple aluminium foil, it turns out, is the gardener’s best friend. So we thought we’d share some of its many uses:

1) It makes a great pest control

Herbicides can be harsher on your garden’s health than they are to the pests you want to target. “If you’ve got children, if you’ve got pets, you shouldn’t be using chemicals. But what’s worse is if you are using chemicals, you’re killing our pollinators, which we need for food production. I am very much against any chemicals and herbicides being used,” gardening expert Arthur Parkinson told HuffPost UK.

Thankfully, adding a bit of foil to your plants won’t kill off any all-important pollinators – it’ll just inhibit some slugs and other unwanted garden guests. “Reflective mulches repel invading insect populations,” the University of California shared.

And when it comes to slugs, the foil uses roughly the same logic as copper tape – “the metal causes a reaction with their mucusy bodies that they really don’t like,” Metro said.

Simply place some sheets of foil around the base of your plants for pest-repelling magic.

2) Tinfoil can create helpful sunboxes

If you’re worried your plants aren’t getting enough light, a little foil can go a long way. “Using aluminium foil can help you double the sun your indoor plants receive,” House Digest revealed.

This is because “its reflective properties will work as a mirror and reflect the light from the window to every niche and cranny of your indoor plants,” meaning you won’t have to turn your potted plants around as often to ensure every side gets as much light.

And they’re not just for indoor plants – “they also work to grow any seedlings indoors and help new plants from the nursery grow straighter and stronger.”

You can either assemble a tinfoil-lined box yourself using foil, tape, and cardboard.

3) Tinfoil can scare off birds and deer

Though it’s not really a good idea to scare off birds if they’re not causing a problem, under severe conditions, you can banish any unwanted birds by wrapping foil on or around your most-pecked plants. “Birds don’t like the feel of the foil under their beaks and will stay away,” Northwest says.

The trick also works for peckish deer, who HowStuffWorks says hate the shiny stuff. They advise wrapping foil around the stem of any deer-demolished plants: “The foil should at least be as high as your waist because deer are very adept (at) feeding on plants that are shorter than they are. This foil force field can also deter other pesky nibblers like mice and rabbits,” they say.

Well, I’m off to the kitchen…

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‘I Refused To Give My Siblings Any Of Our Grandma’s Inheritance. Am I Wrong?’

Money makes families argue at the best of times. Add grief and old grudges to the mix, and it’s no wonder one in five of us has squabbled with our loved ones about inheritance.

It seems that’s what happened to Redditor u/FantasticEagle6062, who told the members of r/AITAH (Am I The Asshole Here) that he’d accepted his grandmothers’ entire inheritance without splitting a cent with his father or step-siblings.

So, we thought we’d speak to Fei Chen, former investment strategist and current CEO of Intellectia AI, as well as Joseph Fresard, a lawyer at Simasko Law, about how to handle the issue.

The poster had lived with his grandmother until she died

The original poster (OP) had a difficult relationship with his father and step-siblings, who he says bullied him.

He added that neither his father nor his stepmother seemed to care about their cruel treatment, which his grandmother noticed and hated.

Because the poster’s dad didn’t like the grandmother siding with his son, the poster didn’t speak to his grandmother for years – but as soon as he could leave, OP lived with her from 17 to 23, looking after her until her “sudden” death.

“When grandma died she had a strong will in place,” OP continued.

“She left my dad $100. That was the minimum she could leave him so he couldn’t sue for the rest, which she gave to me.”

The poster got the house, some investments, and his grandmother’s remaining money. But his father and step-siblings and father are upset at his taking the full amount, claiming it amounts to disrespecting his family.

“I told him she was right and they were all monsters and that they didn’t deserve anything,” the poster ended, before asking “AITA?”.

“His legal rights are clear”

Family tensions aside, Fresard told us that “If the will or trust leaves it only to him, his legal rights are clear, and he does not have to share it with his step-siblings. It also appears that her nan’s wishes are clear, that the inheritance was for him only.”

Chen agreed, but added: “Feuds between family members over inheritances aren’t typically about money – they’re about recognition, equity, and emotional heritage.

If one member of a family, like the Redditor, has been the exclusive caregiver, there’s a deep sense of entitlement earned. But without open, honest conversations well before the will is read, assumptions build – and blow.”

Both experts agree that whenever possible, it’s both legally and morally better to discuss any will division as soon as you’ve written it up.

“If you are the recipient of an inheritance and it is causing tension, it may help for the family to meet with the attorney who drafted the plan for all to be reassured about the wishes of the decedent and their reasoning,” Fresare advised.

After all, as Chen says, “More has been lost fighting than lost through poor investing. The most underutilised estate tools are transparency, planning, and empathy.”

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Is ‘JOMO’ Travel The Secret To Your Best Holiday Yet?

“Gig-tripping.” “Sleepcations.” “Hush trips.” The list of quippy terms and trends in the travel industry is ever growing. Lately, another new concept has been circulating: JOMO travel.

As we race through spring break season and into summer 2025, people planning trips might want to consider embracing the JOMO approach. But what exactly is JOMO travel and how does it work?

Below, experts break down the benefits and downsides of this trend ― and how to best embrace it in your future travels.

For starters, what is JOMO?

“Most people are familiar with the term FOMO, or the ‘fear of missing out.’ JOMO is the opposite of that – it stands for the ‘joy of missing out,’” Melanie Fish, a travel expert and head of global PR for Vrbo, told HuffPost. “The JOMO mentality is all about protecting your peace and personal needs rather than staying super busy and compelled to always be doing something.”

In contrast to FOMO, JOMO is about redefining what brings you happiness and appreciating what’s actually important.

“For me, JOMO is the freedom to slow down, say no to the pressure of ‘doing it all’ and fully enjoy what really matters,” said travel blogger Sean Lau. “It’s about being present and intentional ― not feeling like you have to be everywhere or see everything just because it’s trending.”

He believes choosing “presence over pressure” makes life feel much more fulfilling.

“I’m a fan of the Chinese ‘lying flat’ movement, which is about living simply and opting out of the socially conditioned trappings of hustle and work culture,” said travel journalist and content creator La Carmina. “I feel JOMO fits in well with ‘lying flat’ ― both are about putting the emphasis on simple joys and prioritising stress reduction. To me, JOMO is realising the pointlessness of playing the social climbing capitalist game, especially now when purchasing power and the rewards for grinding are fewer.”

What does JOMO mean in a travel context?

“For travelers, JOMO is giving yourself permission to ditch the packed itinerary and just experience a place more naturally,” said travel blogger Esther Susag. “It’s choosing to spend an extra hour at that local café instead of rushing to the next attraction ― embracing where you are instead of stressing about what you might be missing elsewhere. I discovered this concept after years of trying to cram way too many sights into my trips and realising I wasn’t truly experiencing any of them.”

The concept clearly has fans. In fact, the latest travel trends from Vrbo, Hotels.com and Expedia named “JOMO Travel” as a top trend for 2025.

“Travelers are looking for rest and relaxation over the typical sightseeing and crowded tourist excursions,” said James Barnett, the general manager at Deer Path Inn. “We’ve been seeing guests opt for slower-paced experiences allowing them to enjoy serene moments and stress-free activities — giving them a well-needed break from the bustle of life.”

Everyday life can be exhausting enough. You don’t want to feel like you need a vacation from your vacation.

“We’re all overstimulated, and the pressure to have an Instagramable vacation is overwhelming,” said Annette Richmond, creator of the blog Fat Girls Traveling. “Oftentimes when you’re visiting the popular hotspots in a destination it’s too crowded to truly enjoy the experience anyway. JOMO has taken off because it removes the pressure to tick things off your itinerary list and reminds you to just appreciate where you are.”

Instead of focusing on your bucket list, JOMO-focused travel allows you to focus on your happiness.

“Unlike some travelers, I’ve never been a ‘country counter’ who aims to visit as many countries as possible, just to cross them off the list,” La Carmina said. “Rather, JOMO is about slowing down and enjoying your travels rather than putting your energy into travel logistics and consumption. For example, I’m heading to Mexico and was considering hopping over to a new country such as Costa Rica. However, when I realised it would require pricey flights with a stopover, long drive times to the rainforest, and expensive tours and hotels, I decided that my peace of mind took priority.”

What are the benefits of JOMO-focused travel?

“When it comes to the benefits of JOMO, I’ve had way more meaningful, personal travel experiences,” Lau said. “I connect more deeply with the places I visit, feel less burnt out and actually enjoy my travels instead of rushing through them. It’s a slower kind of travel, but it’s richer in every way.”

JOMO-focused travel also allows for visitors to get a better sense of the local community and even make new friends. Rather than trying to check off all the attractions, you can actually stop and talk to people and be spontaneous.

“More often than not, locals are very passionate about showing their local life,” said travel blogger Isabel Leong. “This results in the opportunity to discover a destination that’s not refreshing and unique through local and authentic experiences.”

She also believes JOMO travel allows you to spend less money as you aren’t trying to maximise what you do every day. You also might feel more inclined to stay with a local host or at a less expensive hotel away from all the action.

“JOMO-focused travel lets you avoid the headache of spending money and jumping through logistical hoops, as well as dealing with annoying tourists that flock to popular landmarks and experiences,” La Carmina said. “To me, this approach lets me enjoy the local culture without having to bend over backwards.”

JOMO-focused can also be less expensive as you embrace experiences like wandering around, chatting with locals and visiting fewer overpriced tourist spots.

Mario Martinez via Getty Images

JOMO-focused can also be less expensive as you embrace experiences like wandering around, chatting with locals and visiting fewer overpriced tourist spots.

Indeed, a recent survey from Vrbo, Hotels.com and Expedia found that 62% of travelers polled believe JOMO travel reduces stress and anxiety, and 47% said it enhances quality time with loved ones.

Embracing JOMO also means letting go of the need to capture social media-worthy content. Stop trying to see and photograph it all and just allow yourself to be fully present wherever you are.

“The biggest benefit is that you actually enjoy your trip instead of just documenting it,” Susag said. “I’ve found that my most vivid travel memories come from unplanned moments ― a conversation with a family in South Africa, finding a hidden beach in Cyprus, or stumbling upon a local festival in Australia. These experiences weren’t on any checklist, but they’re what made those trips special.”

Are there any downsides to JOMO when it comes to travel?

“The main downside to JOMO travel is that you might not be able to experience the destination exactly how you envisioned the first time, but it gives you plenty of opportunities to return to experience it again,” Richmond said.

Not everyone has the chance to make repeat visits to different travel destinations, however.

“This lifestyle may not be for those who have limited vacation days, and if you do have limited vacation days, you may not feel like you can ‘afford’ to JOMO,” Leong said.

Travellers tend to cover less ground with the JOMO approach.

“To be honest, sometimes you might miss something incredible,” Susag said. “But the reality is you can never see everything anyway. I’ve visited over 40 countries and haven’t seen 100% of any of them. There’s freedom in accepting that limitation. The mental shift from ‘I need to see everything’ to ‘I want to truly experience what I do see’ has made my travels so much more meaningful.”

There is room for balance as well. You can cherish quiet, chill days during a vacation interspersed with busier sightseeing days. Or you can alternate JOMO trips and action-packed travels that allow you to immerse yourself in new cultures.

“There’s a difference between embracing JOMO and being passive or lazy,” La Carmina said. “I currently need a chill JOMO vacation during this stressful era, so a simple beach getaway is perfect for my needs. However, I won’t turn down an opportunity to go somewhere adventurous in the future. I feel it is also important to push yourself out of your comfort zone.”

What’s the best way to have a JOMO travel experience?

“If someone wants to try JOMO on their next trip, my best advice is leave space in your itinerary, say yes to the unexpected and don’t be afraid to put the phone away,” Lau said. “Let go of the need to do it all.”

You can build an outline of an itinerary and book a few things, but try to leave whole mornings, afternoons or even days totally unscheduled.

“Choose quality over quantity,” Susag advised. “Pick one ‘must-see’ per day, then allow yourself to wander. Plan less! Ask locals where they spend their time, not where they send tourists.”

If you can swing it, she recommended booking your accommodations for a day or two longer than your planned activities so that you don’t feel rushed.

“Take time to just observe daily life,” Susag said. “Some of my favourite travel memories are simply people-watching at local cafés or parks.”

You also might consider taking a more extreme approach by planning nothing except your transportation and accommodations. Try to opt for flexible and cancellable bookings, too.

“Allow yourself to settle in, get into the feel of things and then decide on the day if you’ll stay in, explore your vicinity or sign up for an activity,” Leong said. “This takes the pressure off of always having a plan, and rushing to meet a timeline of moving from place to place.”

Richmond recommended traveling during shoulder season or considering a group trip to have a JOMO experience.

“The best part of a group trip is that you don’t have to do any of the planning, just show up,” Richmond said. “So you don’t really know what you’re missing out on and you get to really immerse yourself in the country and culture.”

The same goes for your specific choice of destination. Rather than focusing your Japan trip on popular cities like Tokyo and Kyoto, for instance, think about taking a train to one of the lesser known town with serene shrines, beautiful landscapes, relaxing onsen and better prices.

“Consider off-the-grid, remote destinations that are removed from the hustle bustle,” Fish said. “Serene leisure destinations near beaches, lakes, rural areas or in the mountains are ideal escapes that allow travellers to surround themselves with nature and peace and quiet.”

She advised looking for accommodations that make it easy to “do nothing,” like a lake house, countryside cottage, beachfront house or cozy mountain lodge. Great amenities can also help.

“It’s easier to put your devices away when you can relax in a sauna or steam room, lounge by a private pool, cozy up with a book in a stocked library, or appreciate nature if there’s a front porch with a view,” Fish said.

If your goal is to escape the stress of over-planned travel without feeling too isolated, you can find balance at a hotel property, too.

“Another way to enjoy JOMO during travel is to book a great hotel with activities that you can do for hours,” Richmond said. “Like a hotel with an expansive library or art collection or one with spa and wellness services that allow you to escape the pressures of life.”

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If You Were Called ‘Mature For Your Age’ As A Kid, You Need To Read This

Most of us have made a comment at one time or another without thinking much about its impact ― especially when it comes to kids.

Case in point: It’s fairly common for adults to tell well-behaved children they’re “mature for their age.” And while the phrase itself isn’t harmful, the message can sometimes carry a deeper and more complicated meaning, according to therapists.

“I think it is generally intended as a compliment,” said Justin Vafa William, a licensed clinical social worker based in Philadelphia. But “despite that intention, it does have the potential to be damaging.”

For some kids, being told they’re mature for their age ends there. There’s nothing more to it — it doesn’t manifest in distressing ways or follow them into adulthood. But for others, it could signal that something potentially damaging was going on.

Here’s what therapists want you to know if you were told you were mature for your age:

Being ‘mature for your age’ could mean you were parentified.

“I think it can be particularly damaging if viewing this child through the lens of how mature they are contributes to the parentification of the child,” William said.

Parentification is when a child takes on parental responsibility for their parents or siblings, whether physically, emotionally or mentally. This can look like taking on household responsibilities that an adult would typically take care of (like paying bills, making meals or grocery shopping), or caregiving for your parent or younger sibling, according to William.

It could mean you had to grow up quickly.

Being told you’re mature for your age could be a sign that you had to grow up faster than you should have, said Maggie Lancioni, a licensed professional counsellor based in New Jersey.

In other words, “they weren’t mature for their age by choice,” Lancioni said. “They basically had to be in order to survive, in order to have their needs met, in order to take care of themselves and take care of others.”

Think about it: A child who has to take care of their younger siblings isn’t going to be able to stay out late with friends or focus on a hobby.

It could also mean you weren’t fully able to be a kid.

A mature child is often thrust into a very adult role from a young age, which doesn’t allow the kid to be a kid, William said. Maybe you were not allowed to be silly or goofy, or make impulsive or irrational decisions, Lancioni said.

“They’re also just denied that ability to be that carefree child who’s learning and developing and making mistakes and learning from those mistakes,” William said. “There’s this pressure to really have it together all the time.”

This pressure can carry on throughout your life if it goes unchecked, leading you to feel like you always have to be the mature one or the caretaker, he said.

Children who are ‘mature for their age’ are often seen as reliable by adults.

If you had a mature disposition as a child, you likely displayed inner fortitude and strength, and “it’s often a sign of being empathic, being attuned,” William said.

What’s more, adults generally take a liking to these kinds of kids because they’re “more compliant, easier to communicate with and generally more people-pleasing because that’s just how they’ve had to adapt in the world,” Lancioni said.

It’s not fair for an adult to expect a child to be mature, or to lean on a child for their needs. But for better or worse, it’s likely that the grown-ups in your life viewed you as dependable.

It's common for adults who were called "mature for their age" as children to have people-pleasing tendencies, poor boundaries and trouble asking for help.

Hispanolistic via Getty Images

It’s common for adults who were called “mature for their age” as children to have people-pleasing tendencies, poor boundaries and trouble asking for help.

In adulthood, it can lead to people-pleasing, poor boundaries and difficulty asking for help.

The pressure associated with being told you’re mature for your age doesn’t necessarily end in childhood.

“I think that it’s important to note that due to being called mature for your age when you were a child, as an adult you might find it hard to trust others,” Lancioni said. “You might find it hard to ask for help even when you need it. You might minimise and dismiss your own feelings or needs, [you] might have more difficulty setting or establishing boundaries. You might have more experiences with mental health struggles.”

Additionally, you may struggle with anxiety and people-pleasing behaviors, William said.

In adulthood, it’s important that you take care of yourself physically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. “It’s kind of like giving yourself the love that you didn’t receive when you were a child,” Lancioni said.

Adults who feel they were forced into maturity at a young age should learn how to practice self-care, Lancioni said. “As a child, you most likely weren’t able to focus on that, or allowed to focus on that, because the focus was mostly always on other people for survival.”

You should also focus on “healing your inner child,” a common technique in the therapy world, she added.

“Basically, [healing your inner child is] honouring the playful, spontaneous creative side of your personality that maybe you didn’t get the chance to experience in childhood, or maybe even allowing for rest and relaxation and self-care if your childhood was more chaotic or dysfunctional,” Lancioni said.

“And then obviously, it’s also important to seek therapy if you’re really struggling, especially from a therapist who is trauma-informed and trauma-trained because everyone’s family dynamics and family experience is unique,” she said. “Everyone needs and deserves that individualized care.”

Instead of simply telling a child they’re mature for their age, comment on specific behaviors.

Try to skip this phrase, even if it’s coming from a good place.

“Maturity isn’t necessarily a compliment, because it could… definitely be something deeper,” Lancioni said.

Instead of saying “You’re mature for your age,” gear your statement toward a specific behaviour or action, William and Lancioni both suggested.

“Like, ‘You do such a good job expressing your feelings,’” or “‘Wow, I love how independent you are being, but just remember that you can always ask me for help if you need it,’” Lancioni said. “You can comment on the characteristics of their maturity, but not saying that in terms of ‘You’re acting older than you are and that’s a good thing.’”

This way, you allow children to be children, and you don’t mention their maturity in a way that might make them feel like it’s the most important thing about them.

“The truth is that kids and children shouldn’t have to be mature,” Lancioni said. “They should be able to act and behave however old their age is.”

William noted that it’s important to be aware of how this perceived maturity is affecting your relationship with your child, niece, nephew or whomever.

“Is it therefore causing you to put more responsibility on them than is developmentally appropriate?” William said.

There are ways you can foster your child’s maturity and growth without saddling them with responsibilities that don’t make sense for their age, William said.

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I Had A Secret Teenage Romance. It Wasn’t Until Years Later That I Realised What Really Happened.

“I can’t stop thinking about him,” my client said. “I even daydream about our wedding.”

She stared at me intently from across the coffee table where our two cups of peppermint tea sat untouched. When I didn’t respond, she lowered her voice and said, “I just feel like we’re meant to be together.”

I’d been counselling this client long enough to know the “him” to whom she was referring was not her husband of 15 years. Instead, it was the much younger man she’d met two months prior at a yoga retreat.

“OK,” I said, reaching for my mug. “Let’s try to figure out why this person has such a hold on you.”

My client could have easily spent another hourlong session obsessing over “hot yoga guy” — which she’d done many times before — but I wasn’t going to let her. My job as a therapist was to help bring deeper awareness to her emotional experience and to identify what was simmering just beneath the surface, driving compulsive thoughts and behaviours. In this case — limerence.

Almost everyone, at some point, has experienced a romantic crush. However, unlike a typical crush, limerence is defined by obsessive ruminations, deep infatuation and a strong desire for emotional reciprocation — an unfulfilled longing for a person.

According to Dorothy Tennov, American psychologist and author of “Love and Limerence: The Experience of Being in Love,” limerence “may feel like a very intense form of being in love that may also feel irrational and involuntary.”

Tennov identified the most crucial feature of limerence as “its intrusiveness, its invasion of consciousness against our will.”

Limerence differs from the liminal dating phenomenon known as “situationships,”or “we’re dating but we’re also not quite dating.” While both feed off uncertainty, when someone is experiencing limerence, they often prefer the idea of their limerent object (LO) over being with that person in real life. In fact, they might actually feel something akin to disgust when in the physical presence of their LO. I understand this feeling all too well — my own limerent object held my heart and mind hostage for years.

Levi and I met on the first day of my sophomore year of high school in the mid-’90s. I was wearing baggy denim overalls and combat boots, and my blond hair was long and parted down the middle. I’d just gotten my braces off and my teeth were the straightest they’d ever be. Our relationship unfolded to the soundtrack of Baz Luhrmann’s “Romeo + Juliet” and “August and Everything After” by The Counting Crows. There were knowing looks and homemade mixtapes — filled with Dire Straits, Jewel and Better Than Ezra — passed discreetly in the hallway between classes. We were running through the wet grass, desperately wanting, but never quite having. We never actually dated.

Earlier that summer, my family — minus my father — had moved to Woodstock, Vermont, from Boston. My parents were unhappily married, but instead of divorcing, they decided to lead two separate lives. My mother, a retired school administrator and former nun, moved to rural Vermont, and my dad stayed behind to work at his law firm.

Levi wanted to be my boyfriend. He was unwavering and absolute with his feelings as only a love-struck teenager could be. In response, I held him at arm’s length while dating other people. But late at night, I’d let him sneak into my bedroom on the top floor of my family’s rambling farmhouse and we’d lie tangled up together underneath the shiny soccer medals and enormous round window that hung above my bed. By homeroom the next morning, it was like it never happened.

The author's family home in Woodstock, Vermont.

Courtesy of Anna Sullivan

The author’s family home in Woodstock, Vermont.

Nobody needed to tip-toe around my house. After the move, my mother’s drinking escalated to the point where she often passed out in her bedroom before dinner. My father visited us once or twice a month. He spent the weekend arguing with Mom and left without saying goodbye. On Monday morning, I’d wake to find him gone and a pile of cash on the kitchen counter. By the time I left for college, my sister and I were basically parenting ourselves.

After college I moved to Manhattan. I casually dated — and even had a few serious relationships — but I’d be lying if I said I didn’t think about Levi. I thought about him a lot. Out of nowhere, his image would pop up, haunting my consciousness like a ghost. Memories of us lying in my twin-size bed, bathed in moonlight, played on a loop with Jewel crooning in the background, “dreams last for so long / even after you’re gone.” Eventually, I began to question whether I still had feelings for this person. Was he the one who got away?

The strange thing was every time Levi and I happened to be in the same city at the same time, I avoided seeing him. Something prevented me from exploring an actual relationship with him in real time. A therapist reasoned it was hard for me to let go of his memory because we never had closure, but her take always felt slightly off. My feelings for Levi felt primal — instinctual. Bone deep. Something I couldn’t shake.

In my late 20s — practically estranged from my father by this point — Levi reached out to me. It was a basic missive, but still, reading his name in my inbox sent an electric current up my spine. I felt like I’d been plugged into a wall. I replied and said I was good, even though I wasn’t. I’d just ended a long relationship that I thought was going to end in marriage. I was fleeing to New Mexico to pursue a graduate degree in counselling. My life was poorly packed in 20 boxes, stacked haphazardly in my parents’ garage. “How are you?” I redirected.

Levi invited me to coffee. I lost five pounds before we met at a familiar spot in our hometown the following week. I arrived wheeling a suitcase because I was hopping a flight to Santa Fe later that afternoon. He looked a lot different in person than he did in my imagination — older, his hair thinning.

Seeing him was like a controlled science experiment. He mostly talked about himself, and I felt relieved when it was time to go. Later that afternoon, as I boarded my flight, he emailed me: “If you’re still in town let’s meet for a drink….” His invite gave me goosebumps. I never responded.

Eventually, I finished graduate school and began my career as a counsellor. I met my husband, Alex, in Santa Fe, and we later got married and had two children. The years passed and we built a beautiful life together, though it hasn’t always been easy. Our older son was born with many challenging issues. Shortly after his first birthday, I lost my mother to fast-moving bone cancer. Less than two years later, I was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a unilateral mastectomy and adjuvant hormone treatments that pushed me into premature menopause.

Through it all, Alex stuck by me. He held my hand at my oncology appointments. He did the lion’s share of parenting our two toddlers while I recovered from surgery. He rocked me back to sleep when I woke in the night riddled with anxiety about mortality and motherhood, and he made me laugh when all I wanted to do was cry. Sometimes, I look back on those first years of married life and wonder how we ever made it through. But somehow, we did — together.

And yet, every now and then, I thought about Levi. He’d enter my consciousness without warning like a spectral whack-a-mole or a goblin. And then, just as quickly, his image would disappear, leaving me feeling guilty and ashamed. Even though I didn’t feel physically attracted to this person, the thoughts felt like a betrayal to my husband, who I loved. My sweet husband, who nursed me back to health after cancer and snaked the shower drain whenever my hair clogged it. How could I still be thinking of some random person from my past? I was starting to think I needed a seance for my psyche. Instead, I decided to utilise my professional training as a therapist to identify — once and for all — the origin of these adolescent ruminations.

Anna with her mother (1982).

Courtesy of Anna Sullivan

Anna with her mother (1982).

I first learned about attachment theory in graduate school. The theory, originated by British psychiatrist John Bowlby in the 1960s, posits that attachment is formed during the first few years of life and determined by the quality of relationships between children and their primary caregivers. It offers a psychological framework for understanding how early relationships with caregivers impact interpersonal relationships, behaviours and emotional regulation throughout life.

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth later expanded on Bowlby’s work by conducting the “Strange Situation” experiment where babies were left alone for a period of time before being reunited with their mothers. Based on her observations, Ainsworth concluded that there were different types of attachment, including secure, ambivalent-insecure and avoidant-insecure. Later, a fourth type of attachment was added, disorganised attachment, based on research performed by Mary Main and Judith Solomon, two psychologists from the University of California, Berkeley.

During my practicum, I took a quick online assessment and wasn’t at all surprised to learn that I have anxious/insecure attachment — the unfortunate combo of disorganised and fearful-avoidant. Learning about my attachment style was a critical first step toward gaining a deeper understanding of how I operate in relationships. For instance, it made me recognise my tendency to disconnect during difficult emotional experiences. My college boyfriend referred to this behaviour as “going into Anna land,” which looked like avoiding emotionally charged conversations, daydreaming and pulling away.

Over the years, the more I learned about attachment theory, the more I wondered if my anxious attachment and age-old coping mechanisms had something to do with Levi? They both seemed to share deeply entrenched and unconscious patterns of behaviour, and there seemed to be an obvious commonality between the two — fantasy.

When I was young, I adopted various mental and emotional coping mechanisms to help me feel safe. I carried these limerent strategies — detachment, avoidance and fantasy — into adolescence. Back then, I needed to escape the reality of my childhood home — my sad, lonely mother and my emotionally unavailable father. My limerent object became the lightning rod for all my emotions, both good and bad. My relationship with Levi helped to ease my insecurities and fear of abandonment, but limerence becomes pathological when a person prioritises the fantasy version of someone over the real, live version of them — especially because those two versions don’t often add up.

It took me a long time to distill the idea of my LO from the reality of my experience. Love demands a willingness to meet the other person in the moment, and the truth is, some nights I’d hide from Levi — in a closet or my sister’s room — as he wandered around my dark, empty house looking for me.

Coming to terms with how — and why — I created these maladaptive coping strategies was a pivotal turning point in my emotional development. As a child, I longed to grow up with answers and a sense of certainty — to be taught to believe in things like God and the Red Sox. During adolescence, my limerent object became my mental, emotional and spiritual bypass to get me through. As an adult, I was still using archaic coping mechanisms as a means to self-regulate. I knew that if I wanted to be fully autonomous and present in my life, I needed to let them go.

These days, as a mother and wife, I understand that love is an action, not just a feeling. I am responsible for creating my own happily-ever-after. While it’s impossible to have all the answers, I try to be honest with myself and others about the things I don’t understand. I believe that showing up and being present with the people I love, even when it’s difficult, is the best thing I can do — like when my son has a sensory meltdown and I sit with him until he stops screaming, or when my husband and I have a disagreement, I stay in the room and work it out.

Equally difficult, I allow — often force — myself to witness moments of beauty — like how my younger son still loves to climb into my bed each morning and press himself into the folds of my body. I know these moments are fleeting.

Anna with her father (1988).

Courtesy of Anna Sullivan

Anna with her father (1988).

Limerence is not love. It’s born from an unmet psychological need, and I believe that it can only be extinguished through the act of self-compassion. This involves the ongoing practice of forgiving myself for the mistakes I made when I was young, and forgiving my parents for their limitations, too. The truth is, my parents often failed me, but that doesn’t mean that they were failures. I know they loved me and did the best they could.

Over time, I’ve gotten better at sitting with uncomfortable feelings like grief, shame, anxiety and sadness. Therapy has helped a lot. And Al-Anon, which taught me how to practice discernment, or “the wisdom to know the difference.” At the end of the day, I know that I’ve developed the skills and self-assurance to move through life’s challenges without needing to check out. I’m working to rebuild my self-esteem from within instead of seeking validation from others, and I’m much more aware when I turn to fantasy as a means of self-regulation (like binging a show on Netflix). Most importantly, I’ve come to accept that my deepest longings belong to me — these primeval yearnings cannot be filled by another person.

Occasionally, I still think of my limerent object. Levi will appear in my dreams or pop into my head at random times during the day, and he’s always a much younger version of himself. However, the memories now feel less charged, and slightly melancholic. I understand the longing for a person who was always there and never there. Like a ghost, he’ll forever roam the halls of my childhood home — lit up with moonlight — searching for someone to hold in the night.

Note: Some names and identifying details have been changed to protect the privacy of individuals mentioned in this essay.

Anna Sullivan is a mental health therapist, author and co-host of “Healing + Dealing.” She has written for The New York Times, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, HuffPost, Today, Newsweek, Salon and more. She is currently writing a book, “Truth Or Consequences,” about going through early induced menopause due to cancer treatment. Find more from her at annasullivan.net.

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