There is growing consumer demand for honey, with £89.8 million worth of honey imported to the UK in 2023. But as a high-value product it is vulnerable to fraud, with syrups added to dilute the pure honey — a report from the European Commission in 2023 found 46% of 147 honey samples tested were likely to have been adulterated with cheap plant syrups.

Because honey’s characteristics vary due to sources of nectar, season of harvest and geography, it can be very difficult and complex to detect adulterated products. Authentication methods are costly and time consuming, and there is a growing appetite for reliable testing and the adoption of new rules to combat fraud.

Now scientists at Cranfield University have successfully tested two new methods to authenticate UK honey quickly and accurately.

Detecting fake honey without opening the jar

A research project led by Dr Maria Anastasiadi, Lecturer in Bioinformatics at Cranfield University, with the Food Standards Agency and the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), used a specialist light analysis technique to detect fake honey without opening the jar.

Samples of UK honeys spiked with rice and sugar beet syrups were tested using the non-invasive Spatial Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) method — developed originally at STFC’s Central Laser Facility (CLF) — more commonly used in pharmaceutical and security diagnostics. This proved highly accurate in detecting sugar syrups present in the honey. SORS rapidly identified the ‘fingerprint’ of each ingredient in the product, and the scientists combined this technique with machine learning to successfully detect and identify sugar syrups from various plant sources.

The analysis method is portable and easy to implement, making it an ideal screening tool for testing honey along the supply chain.

Dr Anastasiadi commented: “Honey is expensive, and in demand — and can be targeted by fraudsters which leaves genuine suppliers out of pocket and undermines consumers’ trust. This method is an effective, quick tool to identify suspicious samples of honey, helping the industry to protect consumers and verify supply chains.”

The paper Application of Spatial Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) and Machine Learning for Sugar Syrup Adulteration Detection in UK Honey was published in Foods 2024, vol. 13.

DNA traces in honey used to decipher real from fake

DNA barcoding was used in a second study, in collaboration with the Food Standards Agency and the Institute for Global Food Security at Queen’s University of Belfast, to detect rice and corn syrups spiked in UK honey samples.

Scientists used 17 honey samples collected from bee farmers around the UK, representing different seasons and floral nectar sources, and bought four samples of UK honey from supermarkets and online retailers. The samples were then spiked with corn and rice syrups produced in a range of countries.

DNA barcoding — a method already used in food authentication to identify plant species in products — was effective in breaking down the composition of each sample, to successfully detect syrups even at 1% adulteration level.

“To date, DNA methods haven’t been widely used to examine honey authenticity,” commented Dr Anastasiadi. “But our study showed that this is a sensitive, reliable and robust way to detect adulteration and confirm the origins of syrups added to the honey.

“The large variation of honey composition makes it particularly difficult to authenticate. So having this consistent technique in the testing armoury could take the sting out of honey fraud.”

Sophie Dodd, who is completing her PhD on the topic of honey authentication at Cranfield University added, “It is vital to have samples of known origin and purity to validate the methods, so we want to extend our thanks to the Bee Farmers Association who we work closely with in our projects.”

The two methods developed can work together to increase chances of detecting exogenous sugar adulteration in honey.

Europeans and Native Americans valued their dogs as companion animals, using them for similar work and as symbols of identity. Consequently, the dogs reflected the tension between European and Indigenous cultures — the settlers described Indigenous dogs as mongrels to emphasize the perception that Indigenous people did not breed or own their dogs. Indigenous peoples identified European dogs as a direct threat to their existence and took measures to limit the use of European dogs.

“Previous studies had suggested that there were a lot of Indigenous dogs in the continental United States and that they were eradicated,” said Ariane Thomas, a recent PhD graduate of anthropology at the University of Iowa. “We wanted to understand what that entailed: when it happened, were they culled, was it the competition with European dogs, or was it disease?”

The researchers focused on the Jamestown colony in Virginia due to the number of canid remains available at the site and the evidence of Indigenous influence. They worked with Jamestown Rediscovery to identify and analyze 181 canid bones that represented at least 16 individual dogs. Of these, the team selected 22 remains that spanned multiple time points of the early settlement at Jamestown, between 1607 and 1619. They extracted the DNA at the ancient DNA lab in the Core Facilities of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology. The researchers then sequenced the data at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center at Illinois to better understand the ancestry of these dogs.

“This project is a great example of the type of team science that we use at IGB, where people from diverse fields come together to answer questions through the use of complementary skill sets,” said Alida de Flamingh, a postdoctoral researcher in the Malhi (CIS/GSP/IGOH/GNDP) lab.

Based on body size estimates alone, the team discovered that most of the Jamestown dogs weighed between 22-39 lbs, comparable to modern-day beagles or schnauzers. Furthermore, many of the dog bones showed traces of human-inflicted damage, including burning and cut marks.

“The cut marks and other butchery marks we found on them show that some of these dogs were eaten. It implies that when the colonists came over, they didn’t have enough food and they had to rely on the Indigenous dogs in the area,” Thomas said.

Additionally, the DNA sequences demonstrated that at least six of the dogs showed evidence of Indigenous North American ancestry. “Our results show that there were Indigenous dogs in the area and they weren’t immediately eradicated when the Europeans arrived,” Thomas said.

Although the identification of dogs with Indigenous ancestry is not surprising, the results suggest that the colonists and Indigenous tribes may have traded dogs and likely had little concern with possible interbreeding. The researchers are interested in expanding to other sites and obtaining more high-quality DNA samples and reconstructions of dog body size to shed light on whether these dogs had full Indigenous ancestry or whether they were the product of mating with European dogs.

Traditionally, synthesizing solid-state materials has been a time-consuming and energy-intensive process, often accompanied by the production of harmful byproducts. But FWF enables gram-scale production of diverse compounds in seconds while reducing energy, water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by more than 50%, setting a new standard for sustainable manufacturing.

The innovative research builds on Tour’s 2020 development of waste disposal and upcycling applications using flash Joule heating, a technique that passes a current through a moderately resistive material to quickly heat it to over 3,000 degrees Celsius (over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit) and transform it into other substances.

“The key is that formerly we were flashing carbon and a few other compounds that could be conductive,” said Tour, the T.T. and W.F. Chao Professor of Chemistry and professor of materials science and nanoengineering. “Now we can flash synthesize the rest of the periodic table. It is a big advance.”

FWF’s success lies in its ability to overcome the conductivity limitations of conventional flash Joule heating methods. The team — including Ph.D. student Chi Hun “Will” Choi and corresponding author Yimo Han , assistant professor of chemistry, materials science and nanoengineering — incorporated an outer flash heating vessel filled with metallurgical coke and a semiclosed inner reactor containing the target reagents. FWF generates intense heat of about 2,000 degrees Celsius, which rapidly converts the reagents into high-quality materials through heat conduction.

This novel approach allows for the synthesis of more than 20 unique, phase-selective materials with high purity and consistency, according to the study. FWF’s versatility and scalability is ideal for the production of next-generation semiconductor materials such as molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), tungsten diselenide and alpha phase indium selenide, which are notoriously difficult to synthesize using conventional techniques.

“Unlike traditional methods, FWF does not require the addition of conductive agents, reducing the formation of impurities and byproducts,” Choi said.

This advancement creates new opportunities in electronics, catalysis, energy and fundamental research. It also offers a sustainable solution for manufacturing a wide range of materials. Moreover, FWF has the potential to revolutionize industries such as aerospace, where materials like FWF-made MoSe2 demonstrate superior performance as solid-state lubricants.

“FWF represents a transformative shift in material synthesis,” Han said. “By providing a scalable and sustainable method for producing high-quality solid-state materials, it addresses barriers in manufacturing while paving the way for a cleaner and more efficient future.”

The study examined genes that cause inborn errors of metabolism (disorders of the processes that cells use to convert food to energy) and inborn errors of immunity (disorders that affect immune system function). These rare and complex diseases are not fully understood.

“There had previously been only a small number of genes that were on both lists of diseases, but we found that many more have overlap,” said Andrew Patterson, PhD, who led the study as a postdoctoral fellow working with Jeffrey Rathmell, PhD, at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. “Our study showed that a large number of genes associated with inborn errors of metabolism can also potentially affect T cell function when they are mutated.”

The findings suggest that patients with an inborn error of metabolism may also have immune defects that could impact their care, and conversely that metabolic defects may contribute to symptoms in patients with inborn errors of immunity.

“There’s a lot more that will have to be learned, but these connections might point to different therapies,” said Rathmell, Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Immunobiology and director of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology. “Rather than different categories, these diseases are part of a continuum; there’s a gray zone between them and a potential new class of inborn errors of immunometabolism that intersects the two.”

Patterson and the research team used a gene-editing CRISPR approach to screen the inborn errors of metabolism genes for immune defects and the inborn errors of immunity genes for metabolic defects. They further analyzed one example from each set — one metabolic gene that had an immune defect; one immunity gene that had a metabolic defect — to more carefully examine the mechanistic impact.

Overall, Rathmell’s team is interested in discovering how metabolic pathways regulate T cell function, with the goal of developing targeted therapies for immune-mediated disorders.

“What we’ve done is lay the foundation for further investigation,” Patterson said. “The two examples we studied in detail point to new biology and new mechanisms, and there are hundreds of other genes we identified to analyze for their roles in T cell function.”

The findings are available on the Functional ImmunoGenomices reSource (FIGS) website for other researchers to use.

“If you’re trying to understand the connections between metabolism and immunity, this is a great place to start,” Rathmell said.

Patterson recently joined the faculty of the University of Louisville as an assistant professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics. Vanderbilt collaborators Vivian Gama, PhD, associate professor of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Janet Markle, PhD, assistant professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, were important contributors to the study.

The research is published in Science Advances.

Vikas Sonwalkar, a professor emeritus, and Amani Reddy, an assistant professor, discovered the new type of wave. The wave carries lightning energy, which enters the ionosphere at low latitudes, to the magnetosphere. The energy is reflected upward by the ionosphere’s lower boundary, at about 55 miles altitude, in the opposite hemisphere.

It was previously believed, the authors write, that lightning energy entering the ionosphere at low latitudes remained trapped in the ionosphere and therefore was not reaching the radiation belts. The belts are two layers of charged particles surrounding the planet and held in place by Earth’s magnetic field.

“We as a society are dependent on space technology,” Sonwalkar said. “Modern communication and navigation systems, satellites, and spacecraft with astronauts aboard encounter harmful energetic particles of the radiation belts, which can damage electronics and cause cancer.

“Having a better understanding of radiation belts and the variety of electromagnetic waves, including those originating in terrestrial lightning, that impact them is vital for human operations in space,” he said.

Sonwalkar and Reddy’s discovery is a type of whistler wave they call a “specularly reflected whistler.” Whistlers produce a whistling sound when played through a speaker.

Lightning energy entering the ionosphere at higher latitudes reaches the magnetosphere as a different type of whistler called a magnetospherically reflected whistler, which undergoes one or more reflections within the magnetosphere.

The ionosphere is a layer of Earth’s upper atmosphere characterized by a high concentration of ions and free electrons. It is ionized by solar radiation and cosmic rays, making it conductive and crucial for radio communication because it reflects and modifies radio waves.

Earth’s magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding the planet and created by Earth’s magnetic field. It provides a protective barrier that prevents most of the solar wind’s particles from reaching the atmosphere and harming life and technology.

Sonwalkar and Reddy’s research shows that both types of whistlers — specularly reflected whistlers and magnetospherically reflected whistlers — coexist in the magnetosphere.

In their research, the authors used plasma wave data from NASA’s Van Allen Probes, which launched in 2012 and operated until 2019, and lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Detection Network.

They developed a wave propagation model that, when considering specularly reflected whistlers, showed the doubling of lightning energy reaching the magnetosphere.

Review of plasma wave data from the Van Allen Probes showed that specularly reflected whistlers are a common magnetospheric phenomenon.

A majority of lightning occurs at the low latitudes, which are tropical and subtropical regions prone to thunderstorm development.

“This implies that specularly reflected whistlers probably carry a greater part of lightning energy to the magnetosphere relative to that carried by magnetospherically reflected whistlers,” Sonwalkar said.

The impact of lightning-generated whistler waves on radiation belt physics and their use in remote sensing of magnetospheric plasma have been researched since the 1950s.

These compounds are essential in the pharmaceutical industry but have been challenging to synthesize with the required stereochemical accuracy. The innovative reagent t-BuSF uses strain-release reactivity to achieve a level of efficiency and selectivity previously unattainable, paving the way for more effective drug development and broader applications in medical research.

“Sulfur-based compounds, including those developed using the new methods, are known to have favorable physiochemical properties that make them ideal candidates for drug development,” said Justin M. Lopchuk, Ph.D., lead author and associate member of the Drug Discovery Department at Moffitt. “The ability to synthesize these compounds rapidly and stereochemical control open new possibilities for designing targeted therapies that combat cancer cells more effectively while minimizing side effects.”

By leveraging the unique properties of the t-BuSF reagent, researchers were able to explore previously inaccessible chemical space within the sulfur family, particularly in the S(IV) and S(VI) oxidation states. This advancement has resulted in the creation of over 70 new chemical compounds, many of which have immediate applications in medicinal chemistry and the development of new pharmaceutical agents.

Lopchuk adds that this research has already been used to significantly improve the scalable synthesis of DFV890, an investigational compound from Novartis currently in clinical trials at Moffitt and other locations for myeloid diseases.

According to a widely accepted theory, the mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary was triggered by the impact of an asteroid at least 10 kilometres in diameter near Chicxulub on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. On impact, the asteroid and large quantities of earth rock vaporized. Fine dust particles spread into the stratosphere and obscured the sun. This led to dramatic changes in the living conditions on the planet and brought photosynthetic activity to a halt for several years.

The dust particles released by the impact formed a layer of sediment around the entire globe. This is why the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary can be identified and sampled in many places on Earth. It contains high concentrations of platinum-group metals, which come from the asteroid and are otherwise extremely rare in the rock that forms the Earth’s crust.

By analysing the isotopic composition of the platinum metal ruthenium in the cleanroom laboratory of the University of Cologne’s Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, the scientists discovered that the asteroid originally came from the outer solar system. “The asteroid’s composition is consistent with that of carbonaceous asteroids that formed outside of Jupiter’s orbit during the formation of the solar system,” said Dr Mario Fischer-Gödde, first author of the study.

The ruthenium isotope compositions were also determined for other craters and impact structures of different ages on Earth for comparison. This data shows that within the last 500 million years, almost exclusively fragments of S-type asteroids have hit the Earth. In contrast to the impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, these asteroids originate from the inner solar system. Well over 80 percent of all asteroid fragments that hit the Earth in the form of meteorites come from the inner solar system. Professor Dr Carsten Münker, co-author of the study, added: “We found that the impact of an asteroid like the one at Chicxulub is a very rare and unique event in geological time. The fate of the dinosaurs and many other species was sealed by this projectile from the outer reaches of the solar system.”