Specially Appointed Associate Professor Takashi Suzuki at the Osaka Metropolitan University Center for Health Science Innovation captured images of palms of human hands using a hyperspectral camera and AI-based region of interest. Hemoglobin contained in red blood cells absorbs light, so it is possible to observe the state of the blood vessels in the palm. Since the distribution pattern of blood vessels differs from person to person, it is also possible to differentiate between individuals. Further, vein patterns are not visible on the surface of the skin like the face or fingerprints, so this bioinformation is considered highly secure as it cannot be easily read.

To test this, Dr. Suzuki developed a method for identifying biometric information regardless of position or orientation using AI-based image recognition. Furthermore, by superimposing the images in order of wavelength and cutting them based on the coordinates on the palm obtained through AI, the researcher was able to obtain images with more accurate positionings, smaller sizes, and greater information content than conventional methods.

“It was possible to distinguish between the subjects. Furthermore, accuracy of the developed method was verified and a high discrimination accuracy was confirmed,” stated Dr. Suzuki. “Biometric authentication using hyperspectral images provides remarkably high security through the palm of a hand, thus it could even be used as keys to a house. If the capability to read the state of health from the hyperspectral imaging of the palm becomes possible, a daily health management system could be developed with health data obtained through biometric unlocking.”

The findings were published inthe Journal of Biomedical Optics.

Porous organic polymers (POPs) are like sponges. Their high porosity allows them to soak up harmful pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO₂). They also boast high thermal and chemical stability, giving POPs the potential to be applied to a wide range of fields, such as gas separation and energy storage.

Previously, POPs were synthesized via oxidation reactions using metal salts as oxidants or coupling reactions using organometallic catalysts. However, these oxidants and catalysts usually remain as metal impurities within the pores of POPs — decreasing its porosity and overall usefulness. It would be like trying to clean dishes with a sponge that is already dirty. To avoid this, we need a way to produce highly pure (squeaky clean) POPs with no residual impurities.

A group of researchers from Tohoku University developed a method for synthesizing POPs using iodine as an oxidant to minimize residual impurities. They found that iodine and iodine-derived impurities were completely removed by washing it with ethanol after synthesis, and highly pure POPs (polytriphenylamine derivatives) with no residual impurities were successfully obtained. The obtained POPs exhibited the highest specific surface area among reported POPs containing triphenylamine.

“As expected, reducing the impurities improved the porosity, which lead to better performance in measures such as CO₂ adsorption capacity,” explains Kouki Oka (Tohoku University), “Furthermore, they exhibited their inherent functionalities for the first time, such as proton conductivity and unique gas adsorption behavior accompanied by the gate-opening phenomenon. This is exciting because it indicates the potential for novel applications of POPs as fuel cells and adsorbents.”

This new finding indicates that synthesizing highly pure POPs enables the realization and development of organic materials with their inherent functionality. As greenhouse gas emissions continue to be a problem, researching innovative and effective solutions such as POPs will continue to be an important endeavor for researchers.

The details of these results were published in Small on February 17, 2025.

Until now, artificial gels have either managed to replicate this high stiffness or natural skin’s self-healing properties, but not both. Now, a team of researchers from Aalto University and the University of Bayreuth are the first to develop a hydrogel with a unique structure that overcomes earlier limitations, opening the door to applications such as drug delivery, wound healing, soft robotics sensors and artificial skin.

In the breakthrough study, the researchers added exceptionally large and ultra-thin specific clay nanosheets to hydrogels, which are typically soft and squishy. The result is a highly ordered structure with densely entangled polymers between nanosheets, not only improving the mechanical properties of the hydrogel but also allowing the material to self-heal.

The research was published in the journal Nature Materials on 7 March.

Healing via ‘entanglement’

The secret of the material lies not only in the organised arrangement of the nanosheets, but also in the polymers that are entangled between them — and a process that’s as simple as baking. Postdoctoral researcher Chen Liang mixed a powder of monomers with water that contains nanosheets. The mixture was then placed under a UV lamp — similar to that used to set gel nail polish. ‘The UV-radiation from the lamp causes the individual molecules to bind together so that everything becomes an elastic solid — a gel,’ Liang explains.

‘Entanglement means that the thin polymer layers start to twist around each other like tiny wool yarns, but in a random order,’ adds Hang Zhang, from Aalto University. ‘When the polymers are fully entangled, they are indistinguishable from each other. They are very dynamic and mobile at the molecular level, and when you cut them, they start to intertwine again.’

Four hours after cutting it with a knife, the material is already 80 or 90 percent self-healed. After 24 hours, it is typically completely repaired. Furthermore, a one-millimetre-thick hydrogel contains 10,000 layers of nanosheets, which makes the material as stiff as human skin, and gives it a comparable degree of stretch and flexibility.

‘Stiff, strong and self-healing hydrogels have long been a challenge. We have discovered a mechanism to strengthen the conventionally soft hydrogels. This could revolutionise the development of new materials with bio-inspired properties,’ says Zhang.

Gaining inspiration from nature

‘This work is an exciting example of how biological materials inspire us to look for new combinations of properties for synthetic materials. Imagine robots with robust, self-healing skins or synthetic tissues that autonomously repair,” says Olli Ikkala, from Aalto University. And even though there may be some way to go before real-world application, the current results represent a pivotal leap. ‘It’s the kind of fundamental discovery that could renew the rules of material design.’

The collaboration was led by Dr. Hang Zhang, Prof. Olli Ikkala and Prof. Josef Breu. The synthetic clay nanosheets were designed and manufactured by Prof. Josef Breu at the University of Bayreuth in Germany.

In an interdisciplinary cooperation project of the EU-projects FACE-IT, ECOTIP, and SEA-Quester, the scientists investigated consequences of climate change in the Arctic. They focused on a group of organisms that form the very basis of Arctic coastal ecosystems — brown macroalgae, known as kelps, which form dense and extensive underwater forests along rocky coastlines. The ecological role of kelps can be compared to trees on land: They provide food, habitat, and a nursery ground for a variety of organisms and thereby maintain complex ecosystems. The researchers focused on the effects of climate change on kelps in order to draw conclusions about the ecological and socio-economic consequences. Their new findings in Arctic coastal ecology have now been published in the international journal Scientific Reports by Sarina Niedzwiedz and Kai Bischof from the University of Bremen and MARUM — Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and their team of co-authors.

Warming Increases Run-off Intensities — And Influences Element Concentrations

The Arctic region is warming at a rate that is far above the global average. Consequently, snow, glaciers, and permafrost are melting — all of which are contributing to coastal run-off plumes. The run-off plumes changes water parameters drastically as large volumes of fresh water reduce the salinity, washed-in sediments reduce the light availability, and, depending on the lithogenic and organic material in the run-off, the elemental composition is changing. While many of the elements that are being washed into the fjords can act as micronutrients for kelps (e.g., sodium, magnesium, potassium), harmful elements, such as heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, lead, mercury) have also been found in higher concentrations. The researchers collected kelps exposed to different levels of run-off intensities and analyzed their elemental composition. Across all investigated elements, the team found the same pattern: As run-off intensity increases, so does element concentrations. In the case of mercury, kelps that were highly influenced by run-off were characterised by a 72 per cent higher mercury content compared to kelps from the control area.

Changing Microbiome

Further, the researchers analyzed how different run-off rates affect the kelp microbiome. The microbiome is highly important for the ecological function of kelps, such as their nutritional value or elemental cycling in the ecosystem. They found that the microbiome also changed with different run-off rates.

Both of these climate-related changes on kelps are likely to have cascading consequences for the entire ecosystem. The ingestion of metal-contaminated kelps was shown to have negative impacts, such as reduced development, growth, and reproduction, and might lead to a bioaccumulation of harmful elements across the Arctic food web. Eventually, this might also have socio-economic consequences. The high biosorption potential of kelps has to be considered in the implementation of maricultures. However, harvesting kelps in fjords with high levels of meltwater and metal contamination might be an environmentally friendly method to harvest rare earths (phytomining). Rare earths are increasingly being used in key technologies such as renewable energies and electronics.

Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin have discovered techniques to bestow superpowers upon sapphire, a material that most of us think of as just a pretty jewel. But sapphire is seen as a critical material across many different areas, from defense to consumer electronics to next-generation windows because it’s nearly impossible to scratch.

“Sapphire is such a high-value material because of its hardness and many other favorable properties,” said Chih-Hao Chang, associate professor in the Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and leader of the new research. “But the same properties that make it attractive also make it difficult manufacture at small scales.”

Chang and his team hope to ease this challenge with new sapphire-based nanostructures as documented in Materials Horizons. The nanostructures show the highest aspect ratio yet for this material, which enables its superpowers without completely losing its stiffness and hardness.

While not quite as scratch-resistant as traditional bulk sapphire — the nanostructures are comparable to tungsten or traditional glass in that way — these new sapphire nanostructures repel fog, dust and glare with self-cleaning capabilities.

“This is very exciting since nanostructures are traditionally seen as being fragile, but making them in sapphire can solve this problem,” said Kun-Chieh Chien, a recent Ph.D. graduate from Chang’s lab and one of the lead authors.

Inspired by the moth eye, the tapered profile of the sapphire nanostructures enhance light transmission and reduce glare. The nanostructures’ high surface energy and aspect ratio create a superhydrophilic surface to prevent fog. The structures can also be treated to be a superhydrophobic surface to allow water droplets to roll off the surface, mimicking the lotus leaf effect.

“Our sapphire nanostructures are not only multifunctional but also mechanically robust, making them ideal for applications where durability and performance are critical,” said Mehmet Kepenekci, a graduate student in Chang’s lab and one of the lead authors.

This technology has a wide variety of benefits. For consumers, it could lead to smartphones that are easier to read in challenging lighting conditions, lenses and windows that don’t fog up, cameras that aren’t prone to glare and hardy windshields that don’t get dusty.

As we embark on the next generation of space travel, the anti-dust properties could ensure mission-critical equipment doesn’t get caked in dust during landing missions on other planets, for example. It could lead to the creation of stronger infrared sensors and protective windows in defense applications.

“Our self-cleaning sapphire surfaces can maintain 98.7% dust-free area using gravity alone,” said Andrew Tunell, the student who conducted the dust adhesion experiments. “This is a significant improvement over existing dust-mitigation technologies and is particularly beneficial for applications in space, where water is not readily available for cleaning.”The researchers aim to bring this technology to life, and they’re looking to improve it several ways. They’re scaling up fabrication to apply these nanostructures over larger samples, improving mechanical and chemical properties to enhance its abilities and exploring even more real-world applications.

He was able to grasp, move and drop objects just by imagining himself performing the actions.

The device, known as a brain-computer interface (BCI), worked for a record 7 months without needing to be adjusted. Until now, such devices have only worked for a day or two.

The BCI relies on an AI model that can adjust to the small changes that take place in the brain as a person repeats a movement — or in this case, an imagined movement — and learns to do it in a more refined way.

“This blending of learning between humans and AI is the next phase for these brain-computer interfaces,” said neurologist, Karunesh Ganguly, MD, PhD, a professor of neurology and a member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences. “It’s what we need to achieve sophisticated, lifelike function.”

The study, which was funded by the National Institutes of Health, appears March 6 in Cell.

The key was the discovery of how activity shifts in the brain day to day as a study participant repeatedly imagined making specific movements. Once the AI was programmed to account for those shifts, it worked for months at a time.

Location, location, location

Ganguly studied how patterns of brain activity in animals represent specific movements and saw that these representations changed day-to-day as the animal learned. He suspected the same thing was happening in humans, and that was why their BCIs so quickly lost the ability to recognize these patterns.

Ganguly and neurology researcher Nikhilesh Natraj, PhD, worked with a study participant who had been paralyzed by a stroke years earlier. He could not speak or move.

He had tiny sensors implanted on the surface of his brain that could pick up brain activity when he imagined moving.

To see whether his brain patterns changed over time, Ganguly asked the participant to imagine moving different parts of his body, like his hands, feet or head.

Although he couldn’t actually move, the participant’s brain could still produce the signals for a movement when he imagined himself doing it. The BCI recorded the brain’s representations of these movements through the sensors on his brain.

Ganguly’s team found that the shape of representations in the brain stayed the same, but their locations shifted slightly from day to day.

From virtual to reality

Ganguly then asked the participant to imagine himself making simple movements with his fingers, hands or thumbs over the course of two weeks, while the sensors recorded his brain activity to train the AI.

Then, the participant tried to control a robotic arm and hand. But the movements still weren’t very precise.

So, Ganguly had the participant practice on a virtual robot arm that gave him feedback on the accuracy of his visualizations. Eventually, he got the virtual arm to do what he wanted it to do.

Once the participant began practicing with the real robot arm, it only took a few practice sessions for him to transfer his skills to the real world.

He could make the robotic arm pick up blocks, turn them and move them to new locations. He was even able to open a cabinet, take out a cup and hold it up to a water dispenser.

Months later, the participant was still able to control the robotic arm after a 15-minute “tune-up” to adjust for how his movement representations had drifted since he had begun using the device.

Ganguly is now refining the AI models to make the robotic arm move faster and more smoothly, and planning to test the BCI in a home environment.

For people with paralysis, the ability to feed themselves or get a drink of water would be life changing.

Ganguly thinks this is within reach.

“I’m very confident that we’ve learned how to build the system now, and that we can make this work,” he said.