Here’s How Often You’re Actually Meant To Replace Your Toothbrush, And Oh Dear

I only recently realised that you’re not actually meant to “scrub” your teeth with an electric toothbrush ― instead, we’re meant to glide the head gently over each tooth, neither moving it up or down nor side to side.

This comes after I learned you’re meant to floss your teeth far deeper than first thought and that the floss picks I’ve relied on for so long are nowhere near as good as the string kinds.

I’ve even messed up using mouthwash.

All of which is to say it’s not so surprising that I’ve just discovered how often you’re meant to change your toothbrush or toothbrush head.

What do the experts say?

You should get a new toothbrush every three to four months, according to NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.

Health information site Healthline agrees, adding that electric toothbrush heads might need to be changed as often as every 12 weeks ― especially if you apply a lot of pressure to your toothbrush.

By that stage, they say, the bristles may have started to warp, mesh or mat.

That’s an issue because, according to toothbrush manufacturer Philips, “brush head bristles are designed to reach between your teeth, and pressing too hard actually mashes them, rendering them incapable of doing their intended job”.

A 2012 study found that bristle flaring ― that spread-out look your brush gets after a while, especially if you brush hard ― results in less effective brushing, leaving way more bacteria and plaque behind than a fresh brush would.

No matter how long it’s been since you last changed your toothbrush or brush head, the NHS recommends changing it as soon as you notice any wear.

Should I change my toothbrush after being sick?

Healthline says that ideally, yes ― especially if you’ve had a disease like strep throat or viral infections that affect your throat and mouth.

But they add that trying to “sanitise” your brush, for example by dipping it in mouthwash or very hot water, can actually spreads more germs than it kills off.

For everyday use, simply running tap water over your brush when it’s done is the best method, they add.

Well, at least I’ve got one single dental hygiene rule right…

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So THAT’s Why Your Nose Streams When It’s Cold Outside

On those ridiculously early mornings when I leave the house and it’s still dark and positively baltic outside, my nose decides it is faster than the wind, it is a long-distance runner, it is… Paula Radcliffe.

Some people get a runny nose, mine is more like a tsunami. All this liquid comes from nowhere and I end up rushing to meet my train with a tissue wedged firmly under my leaking nostrils.

The issue is so bad that even when I’m at home, and it’s a bit cold because the heating hasn’t yet kicked in, I start sniffing and my other half gives me ‘the look’ and then remarks: “Have you got another cold?!”

But The thing is, dear reader, I do not have another cold. My nose just hates the cold.

So why does this happen?

It’s all to do with our nasal lining becoming royally miffed by the change in temperature.

As Dr Deborah S. Clements, of Northwestern Medical Group, explains: “When we breathe in, our noses warm the air and add moisture to it as it travels down into our lungs.

“Cold, dry air irritates your nasal lining, and as a result, your nasal glands produce excess mucus to keep the lining moist.

“That can cause those big, heavy drops that drip from your nostrils.”

While it’s pretty annoying, there is a very useful reason why our bodies want to warm up the air, according to Verywell Health.

This snot protects the mucous membranes in your nose and also the bronchioles (air sacs) in your lungs from any damage caused by the cold air.

What can you do about it?

Wearing a scarf over your nose and mouth in cold weather can help, because the air warms up before it hits your sensitive nasal passages.

If you’re indoors and find your nose is running a lot, a humidifier might also help to keep your nose from drying out.

But ultimately it’s probably best to make sure you’re stocked up on tissues throughout winter.

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Yes, Some People Get Norovirus Worse Than Others. This Could Be Why

Norovirus is one of those nasty winter bugs that just does not relent.

So it’s no wonder really that so many people in the UK get struck down, and even end up hospitalised, with the illness each year.

The bug, which is characterised mainly by violent bouts of vomiting and diarrhoea, typically goes away in 48 hours.

But those two days can seem like a lifetime when you’re firmly glued to the loo.

Why do some people get norovirus worse than others?

If you’re sat there smugly thinking you haven’t been bitten by the noro-bug this year, there might be a reason why.

According to Professor Patricia Foster, an expert in biology at Indiana University Bloomington, your blood type as well as whether you make a certain antigen in your body, could influence your vulnerability to the winter illness.

She explained that people with the B blood type tend to be more resistant to the bug, while those with A, AB and O blood types are more likely to become ill.

And here’s where things get a little complicated.

Prof Foster previously explained that a person’s blood type – whether A, B, AB or O – is “dictated by genes that determine which kinds of molecules, called oligosaccharides, are found on the surface of your red blood cells”.

These oligosaccharides are made up of sugars that are linked together. They attach to red blood cells – a bit like little koala bears – and can also be found in the cells that line your small intestine.

Now norovirus and some other viruses love these oligosaccharides because they can easily attach to them and then infect you via the intestine (cue: lovely gastro symptoms).

And a lot of norovirus strains need one oligosaccharide in particular, known as the H1-antigen, to hop on board.

Now some people – about 20% of the European-derived population, Prof Foster suggested – don’t make the H1-antigen in their intestinal cells. And, as a result, they are less likely to get sick from norovirus.

And for a similar reason, those with the B blood type tend to be more resistant because, as the BBC reported, fewer strains of norovirus have evolved to attach to their oligosaccharides.

Whew. The more you know…

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I Switched Maternity Care 6 Weeks Before Birth – Here’s Why I Had To Trust My Gut

My due date was fast approaching when I had a moment of clarity. Or it might have been madness, I’ll let you decide.

I’d been receiving maternity care at a local hospital – the same hospital where my eldest daughter had been born almost three years earlier – and decided I really didn’t want to go back there to give birth.

So, at 34 weeks pregnant, I went online and did what I knew best: researched.

With my laptop perched on my ballooning belly, I looked at other hospitals and saw there were some decent options. But, palms all sweaty, I quickly realised it was the thought of another trip to the labour ward that was filling me with so much dread.

I briefly considered a home birth but realised I wouldn’t be able to relax properly if I knew our neighbours could hear me mooing away (and believe me they would be able to hear it – our walls are paper thin).

Then I saw something intriguing on Instagram of all places: a freestanding NHS birth centre and it was just 10 minutes further than the hospital where I’d been receiving antenatal care. How had I never heard about it?

Why I switched up my care

I’m not a particularly anxious person but the very thought of going back to that first hospital to give birth filled me with dread. Just thinking about it would make my heart race.

The thing is, I had always thought I didn’t have a particularly bad experience at that hospital – compared to the horror stories I’ve heard, it was a “walk in the park”. I was one of the lucky ones. My birth was relatively straightforward: it was a vaginal delivery, no interventions, and my baby was OK.

I experienced some tearing but didn’t really think much of it at the time because it was all quite numb down there. My partner got kicked out a couple of hours after giving birth, which I found to be the most distressing part of all because I had no idea how to look after a baby and was absolutely exhausted.

I remember spending the following 12 hours sat in a bloody hospital gown waiting for my partner to be allowed back into the hospital for visiting hours (cheers, Covid) so I could finally have a shower and hand our newborn over to him.

I was exhausted because I’d barely slept all night – my daughter had been born late the night before, so I’d been up all night checking she was still breathing and listening to the coughs of other mums on the shared ward, hoping they didn’t have Covid. It also happened to be the hottest day of the year which only added to my anxiety.

In the days and weeks after the birth, I experienced some issues with an infection and my stitches coming undone. I also saw a GP at my eight-week follow up appointment who checked my perineal area and suggested my tear had been worse than first thought.

“I was one of the lucky ones. My birth was relatively straightforward: it was a vaginal delivery, no interventions, and my baby was OK.””

Compared to a lot of other women who experience traumatic births – it’s estimated 30,000 women are impacted each year – my experience was, I believed at the time, OK.

Only now am I realising that actually… it wasn’t.

I felt I couldn’t really complain about the fact the midwife “popped my vein” – she failed to put a cannula into my arm before I was about to give birth, so we had to wait for a doctor to come and do it. My blood platelets had been on the low side so they thought they’d put a cannula in ahead of time in case I needed a blood transfusion or something – a thought which made me feel really relaxed!

Or the fact that I had to be on a labour ward because of those cursed platelets and all I could hear in the rooms along the corridor were screams.

Or the fact I had two midwives – an experienced staff member and a student – rummaging around in my vagina, one after the other, before delivery. It prompted a panic attack and, I’d argue, was more painful than birth at points. Now, I know midwives are short on time and we all have to learn, but I was not prepared for how painful that examination was going to be. And I wasn’t allowed an epidural because of the platelet issue, so I felt it all.

These things were all unpleasant, but nothing compared to what I’ve heard from other mums. I was a lucky one, right? My baby survived.

Some aren’t so lucky.

I’ve heard horror stories of babies being left with brain damage as a result of mistakes made during birth. I’ve spoken to women who have experienced physical injuries that have left them with bladder and bowel incontinence for years – potentially, for the rest of their lives. Black women in the UK are almost three times more likely to die during pregnancy or up to six weeks after birth.

I realise now – after years of mentally dismissing what had happened – that perhaps there was a reason why my body was going into fight or flight when I sat down to consider the thought of another hospital birth.

My body was saying no, and thank goodness I listened.

So, at 34 weeks pregnant, I switched up my maternity care. It’s fairly easy to do – I self-referred to the birth centre and then called the hospital and explained I was moving my care across.

I had to do another booking appointment (this is the first appointment you usually do when receiving antenatal care in England, where they check your weight, height, take urine and blood samples, etc.,), but on the whole it was an easy process.

And I cannot stress to you how refreshing it was to speak to the midwives at Edgware Birth Centre.

They were so relaxed and didn’t overly-medicalise things. I asked about my platelets again and they didn’t seem worried – my midwife was so reassuring and, unlike at the hospital where I’d seen a different person each time, this person was someone I spoke to continuously for the following six weeks.

It’s hard to express what a game-changer it was having the same midwife for my antenatal appointments. When we chatted on multiple occasions in the run up to the birth, I felt like I was a human, not just a number who was there to pop out a baby.

On the day I gave birth, I went to the birth centre at around 11am when my contractions were ramping up and called my midwife en route, who amazingly was on shift. They got a room ready for me and started filling the birth pool, as I’d asked if I could try that for pain relief purposes and also to help reduce the risk of tearing again.

When we got there, we went straight to the room and I nearly cried. They’d turned some fairy lights on and there was a diffuser pumping out a calming fragrance in the corner. The birth pool was trickling away. There was nobody screaming in the distance. The atmosphere was so… tranquil.

“Do you want a drink?” my midwife calmly asked me, and then my partner. We looked at each other in disbelief.

The room where I ended up giving birth.

Natasha Hinde

The room where I ended up giving birth.

The next few hours were a bit of a blur but consisted of a lot of reassurance from my midwife and her colleague who kept telling me that I knew what I was doing, to listen to my body, and to let them know if I felt an urge to push.

I believe their kindness and reassurance, as well as the feeling of safety from being in this little sanctuary they’d created on my behalf, helped everything speed up a bit and by 2.30pm, our baby was in my arms.

I didn’t need stitches (thank you, birth pool) and by 7pm we were home.

It was a good birth – and I feel bad for saying that, because so many women do not get to have a good birth. I firmly believe that if I hadn’t switched up my care at the eleventh hour, it might not have been a good birth.

And of course, we can never know, but studies have found having a baby at a birth centre is as safe as giving birth in hospital, yet results in fewer interventions.

However, the story doesn’t end there. A few months after I gave birth, I received an email inviting me to join a consultation about the proposed closure of the birth centre. The NHS North Central London Integrated Care System said that, on average, fewer than 50 women give birth there a year.

Under proposed new plans, the birth suites could be closed however the birth centre would still provide antenatal and postnatal services. I couldn’t believe what I was reading.

Deflated by the proposed closure, I attended the online consultation and sat listening to other mothers who had received positive experiences there.

The stories I heard hammered home exactly what can happen if a maternity service isn’t overwhelmed with demand and midwives can truly focus on the people giving birth: they are treated like human beings. The midwives have more to give because they are not physically, mentally and emotionally exhausted.

The decision on the fate of the birth centre is due to be announced this spring.

Dr Jo Sauvage, chief medical officer at North Central London Integrated Care System, told me: “Your positive feedback is a great reflection of the midwifery team at Edgware Birth Centre. We want, above all else, for everyone who gives birth in North Central London to have a similarly high quality of experience, and this means making some difficult decisions.

“The proposed option that we put forward for consultation would see us retain and expand the antenatal and postnatal services at Edgware Birth Centre. For those who choose a midwifery-led birth, we are proposing to maintain the option of home birth, and co-located midwifery-led units which provide a home from home environment.”

It’s abundantly clear we need to keep banging the drum for improved maternity care in the UK and that means calling on the government to do more: to urgently prioritise and begin to fix the midwife staffing crisis and to funnel more money into maternity healthcare.

I appreciate money doesn’t grow on trees, but when the Care Quality Commission (CQC) warns that cases of women receiving poor care and being harmed in childbirth are in danger of becoming “normalised”, and 65% of units are not safe for women to give birth in, you know something is fundamentally wrong.

Action group Delivering Better is currently calling on the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Wes Streeting – who has openly said the maternity crisis keeps him awake at night – to improve maternity care with two key changes: the chance to see the same midwife throughout pregnancy and proactive health checks after the baby is born at three and six months. You can add your voice to the open letter here.

There’s a lot of work to be done when it comes to overhauling the UK’s maternity and postnatal care system – and one birth centre cannot change that. But if it helps women have a good birth, a safe birth, then I’d argue it’s worth its weight in gold.

Update: We have amended the article to clarify that, on average, fewer than 50 women give birth at Edgware Birth Centre each year.

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How Bad Is It To Walk Around Barefoot At Home? Doctors’ Answers May Surprise You.

When you walk in the door and kick off your shoes, does it actually hurt the health of your feet to walk around barefoot on hard floors? It’s not the most comfortable feeling, but doctors say there can be some benefits — with a few caveats.

First, let’s start with a definition of barefoot: According to the Cambridge Dictionary — and experts ranging from podiatrists to dermatologists — walking barefoot means having no shoes or socks on.

“Barefoot is skin to ground,” explained licensed clinical podiatrist Dr. Robert Conenello. “Anything else is considered to be shod, as even socks alter the mechanics of movement.”

There are benefits to going barefoot at home.

“I’m a big advocate for going barefoot at home,” Conenello said. “[The practice] increases intrinsic muscular strength within the feet.”

He explained that the primary benefit of walking barefoot is the reinforcement of the muscles in the feet, which tend to weaken “as we age and wear shoes.” These muscles are closely linked to our overall mobility, so their deterioration can contribute to reduced movement as we get older.

“Many of the pathologies that I see in my practice are due to the inability to engage these muscles for normal movements and metabolic efficiency,” Conenello added.

Dermatologist Dr. Hannah Kopelman agreed with that overall assessment, and also mentioned that going barefoot at home can have some unexpected benefits for the skin on your feet.

“Walking barefoot at home … allows your skin to breathe, which can help prevent moisture buildup and reduce the risk of fungal infections like athlete’s foot,” she explained.

Although not directly related to dermatology, walking barefoot at home can also offer a secondary skin-related advantage, one connected to sensory stimulation and overall wellness.

“Feeling the texture of different surfaces underfoot can be grounding and relaxing, almost like a mini reflexology session,” Kopelman said. “For those without underlying skin or foot conditions, this can be a natural way to connect with your environment and promote mindfulness.”

To put it concisely, opting to go shoeless and sockless in your clean home helps fortify your feet, providing long-term rewards while also reducing the risk of skin conditions. Additionally, it offers a kind of natural massage, which can be surprisingly relaxing.

But there are some potential downsides.

One potential downside of walking barefoot indoors is the increased exposure to irritants or allergens on the floor, such as dust, pet dander or cleaning chemicals, as Kopelman pointed out. For individuals with sensitive skin or chronic conditions like contact dermatitis or eczema, this could be a significant concern.

While Conenello acknowledges similar risks — such as stepping on pathogens like fungi in moist environments — he is quick to emphasise that “proper hygiene can help mitigate these risks.”

“Wash your feet frequently, dry them thoroughly and moisturise,” he advised.

Other painful risks associated with going barefoot include the potential for slipping on slick or wet surfaces, or stepping on something hard and sharp that could cause injury. As anyone who has ever stubbed a toe or accidentally stepped on a Lego can attest, such incidents can be excruciating. Kopelman points out that individuals with diabetes or poor circulation are more vulnerable to severe consequences, as “even a minor foot injury can lead to serious health issues.”

It's a good idea to wear something protective on your feet if you're standing to cook for a long period of time.

Vladimir Vladimirov via Getty Images

It’s a good idea to wear something protective on your feet if you’re standing to cook for a long period of time.

Kopelman also noted that, while walking barefoot can help strengthen muscles, the repeated practice of doing so on hard surfaces could potentially lead to foot fatigue or plantar fasciitis, a condition where the tissue connecting the heel bone to the toes becomes inflamed.

“Over time, the lack of cushioning can put stress on the joints, especially in those who already have foot or joint issues,” she explained.

There are times when you should wear shoes or socks.

Though Conenello is generally a proponent of going barefoot, he advises wearing foot support when engaging in tasks that involve standing for extended periods of time — like when cooking.

“When standing for long periods barefoot, there can be excessive load to one area of the foot,” he said. “Even my professional cooks usually benefit from a shoe that allows them to balance weight over their entire foot.”

To illustrate the concept further, he made an analogy. “[Let’s say] that you developed some decent core strength through performing some planks,” he said. “I would not suggest you start adding significant time or weight to your exercise routine prematurely.”

There is, of course, a middle ground: socks.

According to Conenello, “there is nothing wrong with wearing socks.” They’ll simply decrease the benefits associated with being barefoot. “There is now a filter between the ground and the foot,” he said.

Kopelman added that socks can offer “minimal protection from minor abrasions or allergens while still allowing your feet to feel relatively free.” Direct contact with surfaces that may harbor bacteria or irritants is also minimised when wearing socks.

Taking all the pros and cons into account, walking barefoot at home — especially on clean and well-maintained floors — is not only safe, but generally healthy … unless you’re dealing with some sort of skin condition (think psoriasis, eczema or athlete’s foot, for example) that could be exacerbated by the presence of bacteria.

“Likewise, individuals with diabetes, neuropathy or poor circulation should avoid barefoot walking due to the increased risk of unnoticed injuries or infections,” Kopelman said.

Going barefoot selectively seems to be the best option. Moderation is, indeed, key.

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Dental Hygienist Warns Against The 1 Flossing Mistake We All Make

I saw a tweet (well, post on X) in which someone advised, “only floss the teeth you want to keep”. I reached for the minty spool pretty swiftly after reading that.

But, after viewing a TikTok post from dental hygienist Anna Peterson, I’ve realised my efforts may have been in vain ― turns out, I’ve been flossing my teeth wrong for years.

“Do you know how deep you’re meant to go with floss?” Peterson began the video, quoting a question that had been asked of her in the comments of another TikTok video.

“The only way for me to properly answer is to show it to you,” the dental hygienist revealed.

Spoiler ― it’s further than you think

Tearing off a length of dental tape, Anna Peterson said, “when it comes to flossing, it’s really important that you do go to the right depth, or you won’t be doing it effectively, and you could still have gum disease, even though you’re flossing.”

She then revealed that “the floss needs to go to the gum level and then some more,” sharing a closeup that revealed a thin strip of dental floss sliding into the curve at the top of her tooth (I was surprised, too).

That’s possible, she says, because “the gum is not attached to the actual crown of the tooth, and the crown of the tooth is the bit that we can actually see.”

Instead, the gum attaches to the root of the tooth ― there’s no direct attachment between the front of your gnashers and your gums. I’m still reeling from that.

“This means that bacteria are in between that bit of gum and crown of the tooth that we can’t see,” the dental hygienist said. “And it’s why it’s so important that with the floss, we are going right up and under.”

She then shared that, if your gums are healthy, you can go about 1-3mm in depth. “Keep doing it, even if it’s bleeding,” she advises.

Well, that’s changed how I clean my teeth forever…

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This Is How Long You’re Only Meant To Sit On The Toilet For

I hope this isn’t too disgusting to share, but honestly, I’ve long maintained that a sneaky five-minute sit-and-scroll on the loo is one of the greatest pleasures in life.

But if colorectal surgeon Karen Zaghiyan, MD, is to be believed, we all need to ensure we’re not sitting on the loo for too long.

In a video, the surgeon shared ten things she’d never do as a colorectal surgeon. Along with not using wet wipes and avoiding colonics, Zaghiyan says she “would never sit [for] more than five minutes on the toilet.” (gulp).

Why?

It’s all to do with strain ― which you should avoid where possible when going number two.

Many of us will be aware that not drinking enough water or eating enough fibre can cause constipation, hard-to-pass stools, and subsequent fissures, haemorrhoids, and more.

But it turns out that simply sitting on the can might take its own toll on your tushy.

“Sitting, especially if you are finished having a bowel movement or waiting to have a bowel movement and you’re just sitting there and scrolling the internet looking at social media, is really bad for your haemorrhoids,” the surgeon shared.

That’s because “there’s a vacuum effect on the toilet that pulls on the hemorrhoidal veins and aggravates them.”

So, your seemingly harmless number two routine could be causing you more bowels more harm than good ― especially if you’re sitting for more than five minutes.

What if I need that much time to get the job done?

“If you have not finished or begun your bowel movement in five minutes, get up, come back another time when you have the urge to go again,” Zaghiyan says.

“But do not sit there a long time ― obviously, this varies and it’s different for people that have gut conditions, have had surgeries, etc. ― I’m not talking about that, I’m talking about the average Joe who’s just sitting there spending half an hour in the toilet. Do not do that,” she finished.

Well, that’s us told…

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As Flu Cases Rise Rapidly In The UK, These Are The Symptoms To Look Out For

Flu cases are continuing to rise, with some NHS Trusts declaring critical incidents due to “exceptionally high demands” in emergency departments.

The latest surveillance data from UKHSA shows that flu activity continued to increase over the Christmas break, with hospitalisations also increasing.

Data suggests hospitalisations are three times what they were at this point last year and around 5,000 hospital beds in England are currently occupied by flu patients, the Evening Standard reported.

The UKHSA said on 6 Jan that flu is now circulating at “high levels” in the community and figures are expected to rise further as children go back to school and more people return to the workplace.

They urged parents especially to encourage good hygiene habits – such as catching coughs and sneezes in tissues and washing hands regularly.

What are the symptoms?

Typically, flu symptoms come on very quickly. The symptoms are similar in adults and children, however some children may also get ear pain and seem less active than usual.

Symptoms of flu typically include:

  • a fever
  • aches
  • feeling tired
  • dry cough
  • sore throat
  • headache
  • difficulty sleeping
  • loss of appetite
  • diarrhoea
  • stomach ache
  • feeling nauseous
  • vomiting.

What to do if you have flu

The NHS advises staying home and avoiding contact with others if you have a fever or don’t feel well enough to do normal day-to-day activities.

The UKHSA said children can stay in school with symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat or slight cough if otherwise well and do not have a high temperature – but they should stay home if they’ve got a fever.

There are plenty of things you can do at home to try and recover such as getting lots of rest, keeping warm, taking painkillers to lower a fever and staying hydrated.

When to go to hospital

While most people can recover from flu at home, there are some instances in which you need to seek medical help.

If any of the following apply to you, it’s advised you call NHS 111 or get an urgent GP appointment:

  • you’re worried about your baby’s or child’s symptoms
  • you’re 65 or over
  • you’re pregnant
  • you have a long-term medical condition – for example, diabetes or a condition that affects your heart, lungs, kidneys, brain or nerves
  • you have a weakened immune system – for example, because of chemotherapy or HIV
  • your symptoms do not improve after seven days.

If you experience sudden chest pain, have difficulty breathing or are coughing up a lot of blood you should get someone to drive you to A&E or call 999 for an ambulance.

How to prevent flu

To steer clear of any unwanted nasties this winter, it’s imperative you regularly wash your hands, and catch sneezes and coughs in tissues (binning said tissues straight away).

Some people are also eligible for a free flu vaccine – while it’s late in the season, you can still have one if you call up your GP.

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If Your Poo Looks Like This, It’s Time To See A Doctor

(This story was originally published in 2019.)

It can be pretty, um, crappy dealing with bowel issues.

Figuring out what’s normal and what isn’t can be a challenge if you don’t know what to look for. Stools come in all shapes and sizes and can shift forms depending on what you’re eating or what is going on in your life at the moment.

Bowel movements change from person to person depending on his or her diet, physical activity, how much water they consume and what medications they take,” said M. Nuri Kalkay, a retired gastroenterologist and health blogger.

Everyone has their own barometer of how often their body is used to going and what a typical stool looks like for them. But what if things change and you see something beyond the norm in the toilet? We chatted with some experts to determine what bowel habits are aren’t so ordinary and might require a trip to the doctor.

Black and/or tarry stools

Jeffery M. Nelson, surgical director at the Center for Inflammatory Bowel and Colorectal Diseases at Baltimore’s Mercy Medical Center, said if your poo is black, “not just dark brown,” you should be concerned.

“This means bleeding is happening from an upper GI source like the esophagus, stomach or small bowel,” he explained.

There are some exceptions to this: If you’re taking iron supplements, for example, your stools may appear dark green to the point where they almost look black. If you’ve taken bismuth medication like Pepto Bismol, that can also make your stools look almost black. It’s always best to check with a doctor if you’re unsure.

Bright red blood in your stools

If you find blood in your stool either by itself on the toilet paper, in the water or streaked in the stools, this can indicate a bleeding source from the anal canal or a low rectal source.

“Things like internal haemorrhoids, anal fissures, rectal polyps or rectal cancers can all do this,” said Nelson. All of these are reasons to see a doctor.

Maroon-coloured stools

If your stools are this colour, then they’re likely also more liquid in consistency and paired with an unpleasant, distinct odour. According to Nelson, this can indicate bleeding from the very end of the small bowel or the colon.

“Diverticulosis and arteriovenous malformations are the classic causes of this presentation,” and a reason to go to the emergency room, he said.

Pale, oily and especially foul-smelling stools

“This finding is called steatorrhea and is due to excess fat in the stool,” explained Chris Carrubba, an internal medicine doctor in Jacksonville, Florida.

Carrubba said steatorrhea is often seen with malabsorption syndromes, pancreatic insufficiency and biliary disease. “The presence of steatorrhea indicates difficulty absorbing fat and these patients are at risk of developing deficiencies in fat soluble vitamins,” like vitamins A, D, E and K, he said.

Stools that are different than your typical bowel movements

Your body is a creature of habit in a lot of ways. For example, if you consistently have smooth, long sausage-like stools and suddenly they change to a completely different size, you should speak to your doctor.

“Pencil thin versus log-like routinely could mean that an inflammatory condition may be present such as Crohn’s or infection,” said Karen Soika, a general surgeon in Greenwich, Connecticut.

If the consistency of your stools has changed to watery or diarrhoea, this could signify irritable bowel syndrome, an infectious cause or an inflammatory bowel disease such as Ulcerative colitis.

IBS or infections can also increase constipation.

Watery diarrhoea after a camping trip

This can be due to giardia, “a protozoal organism that is found in freshwater and the reason that you should always boil and sanitise water from mountain streams or lakes,” Carrubba said.

Ingestion of this organism can result in giardiasis, which leads to abdominal pain and persistent, watery diarrhoea. The issue can be treated with antimicrobials. In addition to drinking contaminated water, you can also be exposed to giardia by eating uncooked vegetables or fruits that were rinsed in contaminated water and by improperly washing hands after coming into contact with faeces or an infected human or animal.

Mucus in the stool

This is usually due to inflammation of the intestines, said Peyton Berookim, a gastroenterologist in Los Angeles. He noted that the condition can be seen in inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s. It can also be due to inflammation caused by a bacterial infection or IBS.

“Mucus associated with blood and or abdominal pain should not be ignored and requires medical attention,” he explained.

Hard or infrequent stools

This signifies constipation and is usually caused by a lack of fibre in your diet, as well as low water intake. However, this issue may also be caused by medications, blockages in the intestine, or in more rare cases, colon cancer.

“Constipation can be treated in many ways and I always begin with increasing fibre and water intake. The recommended daily intake of fibre is at least 25 grams and the amount of water needed varies from person to person,” said Jack Braha, a gastroenterologist at Brooklyn Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Associates.

Laxatives are available over-the-counter to help with this issue and work by either increasing the motility in your gut or increasing the amount of water delivered to the colon, Braha said.

“But for symptoms that do not rapidly improve or begin after the age of 50, it is important to seek advice from a gastroenterologist in order to determine if further testing like a colonoscopy is needed to check for more serious issues such as an intestinal obstruction or colon cancer,” he said.

Loose, watery or frequent stools

“Diarrhoea is common after eating bad food or from an infection and should not last more than a week in most instances,” Braha explained.

Loose stools may be a cause for concern if the diarrhoea lasts longer than two weeks or when it is in conjunction with bleeding, weight loss or symptoms that keep you awake at night.

“When diarrhoea is not from an infectious source, we look for other common causes like lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease or celiac disease,” Braha said. “Gastroenterologists can usually find the cause of diarrhoea by checking certain blood tests, stool tests and performing a colonoscopy.”

Generally, it’s a good idea to make an appointment with your doctor if you’re concerned about your bowel movements at all. Your poo may be trying to tell you something.

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Keep Butter Out Of The Fridge? We’ve Got Grim News For You

Despite what I’ll tactfully call conflicting opinions in my household, it turns out that yes, butter is almost always safe to eat after being left out on the counter.

Not only is room-temperature butter better for spreading and creaming sugar while baking, it turns out that you can leave properly stored butter out for a surprisingly long time.

“Butter is safe to eat after being out at room temperature,” Bri Bell, a registered dietitian, and food safety expert, told Allrecipes.

“One reason it doesn’t go bad as quickly as other dairy products at room temperature is because it’s low in carbohydrates and proteins, which are mould and bacteria’s preferred food sources.“

But does safe mean tasty? Is there an upper limit to how long you can leave butter out on the side? And if so, what is it?

It’ll be safe for ages ― but delicious for as little as a couple of hours

Part of it has to do with storage. On one, more extreme end, bog butter ― butter buried under a bog to preserve it for longer ― has been found to last for literally hundreds of years without posing a health threat to anyone who eats it.

But unless you’ve got an airtight, subterranean cubby-hole of your own, your best bet is probably a butter dish or something similarly airtight that won’t absorb smells from your cooking. This should keep it safe to eat for ages, provided your kitchen isn’t too hot.

However, the question of safety is different to the question of flavour. While butter might be safe to eat after a couple of days on your countertops, its taste might be impacted by leaving the fridge.

Tonja Engen, Culinary Content Specialist for butter experts Land O’Lakes, told Allrecipes “Do not leave butter at room temperature for more than 4 hours. Always return any unused butter to the refrigerator and be aware that butter left outside refrigeration may become darker in colour and have the flavour affected.”

If you need to soften butter for baking or spreading, she says that “you can cut the butter into small chunks and let stand at room temperature for about 15 minutes.”

Or grate frozen butter for a quick-fix for baking, she adds.

The United States Department of Agriculture’s recommendations say that “Butter and margarine are safe at room temperature. However, if butter is left out at room temperature for several days, the flavour can turn rancid so it’s best to leave out whatever you can use within a day or two.”

In other words, while your butter is safe out on the counters for a remarkably long time, its creamy flavour might degrade in a matter of hours.

Honestly, this is the most clear-cut case of “ignorance is bliss” I’ve ever seen…

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