How Your Parenting Style Could Be Impacting Your Child’s Brain

A team of researchers from the University of Michigan have found that harsh parenting during infancy can impact children right into adolesence.

The data, which originated from the Future of Families and Child Well-being Study, was collected between February 1998 and June 2021. The current study sample includes an analysis of 173 youths.

“Harsh parenting in late childhood more specifically affected the corticolimbic circuit—a specific part of the brain that includes the amygdala and frontal cortex and is involved in processing and regulating emotion,” researches said.

However, it’s not all bad news.

The team also found that warm parenting — which they define as “responsiveness” — during middle childhood was associated with how the amygdala (a small part of the brain involved in emotion and processing threats) was differentially connected to other parts of the brain.

Importantly, parenting warmth predicted reduced anxiety and depression 15 years later during the Covid-19 pandemic due to its effects on the amygdala.

Why this research is hopeful

“Understanding these sensitive periods can inform more effective policy and intervention strategies,” says Luke Hyde, a University of Michigan professor of psychology and faculty associate at the Institute for Social Research.

Cleanthis Michael, a graduate student and the study’s first author, says the “findings indicate that earlier interventions may offer broader benefits for brain development”.

Michael added: “Because these experiences seemed to affect later risk for depression and anxiety, this research highlights periods of vulnerability and opportunity for treatments and policy to promote healthy, long-term development. Interventions for parents, and policies that support parents, may have more profound impacts earlier in life.”

Strict parenting is often detrimental

Counsellor Marissa Moore wrote for PsychCentral about strict parenting and said: “There are a few benefits to strict parenting, such as having your children behave in public or setting high expectations for themselves in achieving their goals.

“However, the long-term effects of authoritarian parenting tend to negatively affect children’s self-esteem, academic achievement, and overall life satisfaction.”

Instead, she recommends authoritative parenting, explaining: “Authoritative parenting, which finds a balance between having rules and supporting them if they don’t meet them, appears to have the best outcomes.”

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5 Things Adults Shouldn’t Discuss In Front Of Kids (And 5 Surprising Things They Should)

Children tend to pick up on a lot more than adults realize. They absorb not only what we say to them directly but also what we say around them — even when we think they’re not paying attention.

That got us wondering: Are there certain topics that just shouldn’t be discussed with or in front of kids? And on the flip side, are there certain conversations adults assume are not appropriate for young minds but are actually OK — or even beneficial — to address?

We reached out to parenting experts to get their take. As clinical psychologist Laura Markham, author of the “Peaceful Parent, Happy Kids” series, said, it’s generally less about the subject itself and more about how you approach it.

“For instance, you would not have a discussion about your financial worries that would make your child worry. But you could certainly discuss the fact that a new car or a pricey vacation is not in your budget this year,” she told HuffPost.

Below, Markham and other therapists share their thoughts on the do’s and don’ts of communicating when young or school-age kids are present.

5 Things Adults Shouldn’t Talk About In Front Of Kids

1. People’s bodies

When adults speak poorly about their own bodies or other people’s bodies, children notice and may internalise those negative messages, said marriage and family therapist Brianne Billups Hughes.

“Kids are like sponges, absorbing everything they hear. If they witness adults being critical of themselves, it can lead to issues with self-esteem and body image as they grow,” she told HuffPost.

And it’s not just the negative comments that can be damaging over time. When adults make frequent remarks about body shape or weight — even if they’re complimentary in nature — it can make kids “overly concerned about their own appearance,” Markham noted.

2. Critical remarks about a parent or caregiver

It’s best for adults to avoid bad-mouthing the child’s other parent or caregivers in their life. It doesn’t matter if you’re speaking to the kid directly or having the conversation when they’re in earshot.

Hearing negative comments about a parent can make a child feel as if they have to choose sides or that they’re responsible for fixing the situation, which can be damaging to their sense of security, Markham said.

It can also “strain the relationship with the criticised parent since they now see them as ‘not good enough,’” she added, while also making the child feel guilty for thinking of their parent in a negative light.

3. Comments that compare the child to their sibling

Markham advises parents to avoid comments that compare one sibling with another. Such comparisons can breed competition between siblings and lead to increased conflict, she said.

“That intuitively makes sense to us because we can see how it fosters resentment, jealousy and insecurity. But this is just as true for positive messages, which also set up competition,” Markham said.

For example, you might say to your child something like, “You’re my good boy. You never give me a tough time like your brother does.”

Now your child not only feels pressure to hold on to his place as the “good” one but is also “motivated to keep his sibling in the role of ‘bad’ kid,” Markham said. “How else will he maintain his special place in your eyes?”

4. Adult money issues

As paediatric psychologist and parent coach Ann-Louise Lockhart of A New Day Paediatric Psychology explained, “Kids don’t yet have the cognitive tools to fully understand adult finances.”

So when they overhear conversations about money-related stressors in adults’ lives, they draw their own conclusions, “often assuming the worst,” she told HuffPost.

“Children may think, for example, that the family will lose their home or that they won’t be able to buy food, even if the situation is not that extreme,” Lockhart said. “This fear can lead to increased anxiety and, for some children, a sense of guilt that they’re a ‘burden’ if they need things like new shoes or supplies.”

That’s not to say you have to completely keep them in the dark if your financial situation has changed. Just keep explanations clear and concise and your tone calm. If money is tight, Lockhart suggested saying something like, “We’re sticking to a budget so we can make good choices,” which she said is “often more reassuring.”

“You can help them understand that adults have systems to manage expenses and that their needs will be met,” she added.

5. Comments that glorify alcohol or drug use

Hughes warned that conversations “normalising or glorifying” drinking alcohol and using drugs when kids are around can lead to “unhealthy attitudes toward these substances” down the line.

“Kids are impressionable, and hearing adults speak positively about drinking or using drugs, even jokingly, can set the foundation for curiosity or risky behaviours later in life,” she explained. “It’s important to model responsible behaviour and avoid making these substances seem glamorous or harmless.”

5 Things Adults Actually Can Discuss In Front Of Kids

It's important for kids to know that, although their parents may not always agree, they always love each other, Markham said.

skynesher via Getty Images

It’s important for kids to know that, although their parents may not always agree, they always love each other, Markham said.

On the other hand, there are topics that adults have a tendency to shy away from because they assume talking about them would be harmful to kids. But our experts say these conversations can be good ones to have with or in the presence of children, as long as they are approached in a thoughtful, age-appropriate way.

1. Healthy disagreements

Parents might be under the impression they need to resolve any and all conflict behind closed doors. But that’s not necessarily true. In fact, it can be beneficial for kids to observe their parents modelling how to respectfully work through a disagreement, Markham said.

“It’s important for them to know that we don’t always agree, but we always love each other. Kids need to see us ask for what we need without attacking the other person,” she added.

“And it’s critical for them to see us make up with affection and forgiveness.”

That being said, heated arguments that include yelling, name-calling or other forms of disrespect should not happen in front of kids, Markham said, as research has shown it does affect them negatively.

And when it comes to certain topics, it’s better for adults to hash out those matters privately. “Discussions about sex or other tender issues are more respectfully conducted without an audience,” developmental psychologist Diana Divecha wrote for Greater Good Magazine.

2. Honest emotions

Many adults try to avoid showing or talking about their emotions around kids, but “it’s actually important for kids to see adults process their feelings in healthy ways,” Hughes said.

It’s OK to share that you’re feeling upset, worried or frustrated in an age-appropriate way. Doing so helps normalise a wider range of emotions and can help children learn to express and regulate their own emotions, Hughes said.

This also helps them develop their emotional intelligence, Lockhart added.

“If they see you saying something like, ‘I’m feeling sad because a friend moved away, and that’s normal,’ they learn that all emotions are OK and temporary, helping them feel safe to express their own,” she explained.

3. Mistakes they’ve made

Adults shouldn’t feel pressure to uphold a facade of perfection in front of kids. It’s OK to admit to them when you’ve messed up in some way, Lockhart said.

“Talking about your own mistakes and how you handled them helps kids learn resilience and accountability,” she said. “When they hear something like, ‘I made a mistake at work, but I took responsibility, and I’m working on a solution,’ they see that mistakes are natural and that they can handle them positively.”

4. Money in general

Though you wouldn’t want your child to be privy to the full scope of financial stress you may be facing, money doesn’t have to be a taboo subject.

“Discussing financial concepts in an age-appropriate manner can be a valuable learning opportunity,” Hughes said. “Kids who grow up with an understanding of budgeting, saving, investing, loans and responsible spending are more likely to develop good financial habits as they grow older.”

“The key is to avoid overwhelming them with adult-level stress about money,” she added.

5. Sex, consent and bodily changes

As a parent, you may find yourself avoiding conversations around these topics with your kids entirely because they seem too uncomfortable or mature to discuss. But introducing these subjects in developmentally appropriate ways is actually quite important, Hughes said.

“Teaching children about consent, body autonomy and the basic facts of anatomy, reproduction or puberty helps them develop a healthy understanding of their bodies and relationships,” she explained.

“These discussions empower children to ask questions, set boundaries and feel comfortable about their own physical development. It also helps prevent misinformation from other sources.”

“The goal isn’t to shelter children completely but to be mindful of the language and tone used.”

– Brianne Billups Hughes, marriage and family therapist

No matter the topic, how we communicate with and around children can have a lasting effect on them, Hughes said. That’s why it’s so critical to approach conversations with mindfulness.

“Modelling healthy conflict resolution, self-acceptance and emotional intelligence can provide kids with essential life skills,” she said. ”The goal isn’t to shelter children completely but to be mindful of the language and tone used, creating a balanced environment where they can learn and feel secure.”

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The Latest Maternity Leave Figures Sum Up Why Birth Rates Are Falling In The UK

Just weeks after the former women and equalities minister, Kemi Badenoch, said that maternity pay is ‘excessive’, new research from Pregnant Then Screwed, and Women in DataⓇ has revealed that 4 in 10 mothers took just 12 weeks or less following the birth of their most recent child — thanks to the low maternity pay in the UK.

According to Citizen’s Advice, statutory maternity pay lasts up to 39 weeks, made up of: 6 weeks getting 90% of your average weekly pay (before tax), 33 weeks getting either £184.03 a week or 90% of your average weekly pay (before tax) – whichever is less. Which is a staggering 43% of the national living wage.

Excessive isn’t quite the word, really.

The UK’s fertility rate is falling faster than any other G7 nation

Given how poorly parents are treated once they’ve had children, it’s perhaps no surprise that the UK’s fertility rate is falling faster than any other G7 nation – with austerity thought to be ‘principal factor’.

If we can’t afford to look after our babies once they are born, it makes sense that many people are choosing to not have their own children at all.

One person on X said: “Most adults now have to live with parents through their 20s, commonly through their 30s.

“Millennials are the first generation to be poorer than the last in over 200 years, and have had an adulthood of austerity, recession, and a pandemic. Why would they have kids?”

More maternity support is essential

Pregnant Then Screwed is calling on the government to increase the rate of statutory maternity pay and maternity allowance to the national living wage. An amount which is widely regarded as the absolute minimum someone needs to live on.

In a press statement, the charity said: “We know that maternity leave more than 12 weeks has huge benefits for a mother and her child. It decreases rates of maternal physical and mental health issues, decreases infant mortality and improves rates of breastfeeding.”

Joeli Brearley, CEO and Founder of Pregnant Then Screwed commented, “The perinatal period is critically important to the health and well-being of a mother and her child, and I think we should all be deeply concerned that due to severe hardship, we are now seeing a degeneration and a degradation of this vital period.

“Ultimately, It is a false economy to not pay parental leave at a rate on which families can survive and thrive.

“We need a government that will listen to parents, creating policies which ensure they can survive and thrive, particularly in those early days. Right now we are falling way behind our European counterparts, and it is not only this generation which is suffering the consequences, but it will be the next.’’

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I Took My First Work Trip Since Having A Baby. I Was Shocked By The 4-Word Question Everyone Asked.

Preparedness is the key to surviving the throes of motherhood. It’s also the key to ensuring that the complexities of cross-country travel go off without a hitch.

But all the books on motherhood and travel checklists in every type A traveling mama’s arsenal could not prepare me for the realities of how the Transportation Security Administration, Southwest Airlines, a five-star Las Vegas hotel, and society in general judge mothers and their needs.

With equal parts excitement (finally, a bit of a break!), trepidation (is there enough pumped milk to last the baby four days without me? Can Dad survive the demands of the baby and the 4-going-on-14-year-old alone? Will the house still be standing when I return?) and guilt (oh, the guilt!), I arrived at Albany International Airport prepared to take my first work trip to Las Vegas since welcoming my infant son in 2017.

Traveling solo is stressful enough, but traveling as a parent can be downright traumatic. There are never enough hours in the day to address everyone’s needs, let alone your own, so systems and efficiency are a requirement of the prepared traveling mama. I rolled my colorful carry-on filled to the brim with four days of business-casual attire, TSA-approved clear containers with miniature versions of my daily skincare ritual (anything to minimize the bags under my eyes that felt big enough to accommodate my luggage), and my nondescript breast pump slung over my shoulder through the TSA line.

“Ma’am, you’re going to need to step to the side. You’ve been selected for additional screening,” a security agent told me.

My first thought was, “Did he just ‘ma’am’ me?” followed by a feeling of ease knowing motherhood taught me to expect delays.

I stood to the side in front of hundreds of passengers in the TSA security line as a female agent came over to pat me down in search of contraband. I never felt more dehumanized than when the agent continued to press at my swollen breast (ready to leak at any moment if I wasn’t reunited with my breast pump soon), asking, “What is this? What do you have in here?”

Having to explain that the hard, plastic piece she was feeling was a component of my nursing bra that allowed me quick access to pump or feed my child was humiliating, especially when she followed up with, “Where is the baby?”

The wrinkled nose and tight upper lip on the agent’s face when I told her that I was traveling alone on a work trip but had my breast pump with me was sadly the first humiliating scorn I felt that day. Where is the book that prepares you for how to handle the judgment and questioning of every decision you make as a mother when you need it?

The author and her daughter traveling on Southwest Airlines.

Courtesy of Jennifer Rowe

The author and her daughter traveling on Southwest Airlines.

I slinked away from the security line, cleared to access my gate, but with an incessant urge to justify the fact that I was traveling solo, leaving my baby behind in the capable hands of his other parent. My job required this travel, and my baby required my employment to meet his needs.

And yet, I didn’t say any of this to the agent. I continued to my gate with plenty of time to pump milk for my son in the airport’s nursing mother’s lounge, as well as relax a bit before the boarding process began. However, the lounge didn’t exist. The Friendly Airports for Mothers Improvement Act that I researched prior to the trip promised that the lounge would be available, but a posted sign stated, “Future Site of the Nursing Mother’s Lounge,” and that a bathroom was available to privately nurse or pump. I’m not sure about you, but I don’t prepare my meals in the bathroom. Why would I prepare my son’s meal there?

Feeling deflated (mentally, not physically, since my breasts were now engorged and still full of milk), I perked up when the Southwest Airlines gate agent announced it was time to line up for boarding.

“You’re going to have to check that. You’re only allowed one carry-on and one personal item,” the agent told me.

With the eyes of the rest of the passengers in group A focused on me, I confidently switched from my mobile boarding pass to the Southwest policy I had opened on my phone screen. I told the agent I specifically booked my flight with the airline due to its policy regarding passengers who are nursing or traveling with formula:

“We welcome nursing Customers who wish to breastfeed onboard or within our facilities. Baggage containing a breast pump and/or breast milk may be brought onboard in addition to the standard carry-on limit of one bag plus one small, personal item. You might be asked the nature of the additional carryon bag(s) throughout travel.”

“Where is the baby?” the agent asked me, the second time I’d been asked that day.

The entrance to Albany International Airport.

Courtesy of Jennifer Rowe

The entrance to Albany International Airport.

I quickly explained that I was traveling alone, but I had packed my carry-on and breast pump according to the terms of the airline’s policy. I was met with sighs of impatience and more judgmental looks of scorn, not only from the gate agent but from the dozens of irritated passengers that just wanted to get on board.

I reluctantly stepped out of my position in line and slinked to the side to speak with a second agent, who eventually gate-checked my carry-on luggage so I could keep my breast pump with me. And here I thought an infant would have been the more difficult travel companion.

After seven hours, three time zones, and with zero patience left, my breast pump and I arrived in the stunning lobby of my hotel with a desperate need to pump somewhere other than a bathroom so I didn’t give myself mastitis or a painfully clogged milk duct from lack of pumping on my usual schedule. If I lessened the number of times I pumped regularly, my milk production would change, and I’d be unable to keep up with the supply my son required.

“I’m so sorry, but your room isn’t ready yet. Check-in is at 3 p.m. You’re welcome to leave your luggage with our bellman and explore the resort until your room is ready,” the front desk associate told me.

It was only 11 a.m., but it was 2 p.m. back home. The thought of waiting another four hours before I could experience some sort of relief and fulfill my obligations as a mother nearly caused me to throw a temper tantrum that could rival any overtired toddler meltdown.

I pleaded with the associate, referring to the lactation stains that were visible through the layers of my nursing bra and cotton T-shirt, hoping for an act of compassion (or at the very least pity).

“Do you need to nurse your baby? Where is the baby?” the associate asked me.

Distraught, I explained for the third time that day that I was not with my baby, but my responsibilities as his mother did not stop because we were not physically together.

The microcosm of traveling as a working parent with my breast pump solidified the perception that, as a society, we have been conditioned to expect women to work like they don’t have children and to parent like they don’t work. It is difficult enough to navigate motherhood without the disproportionate judgment placed on women who continue to work and breastfeed.

The author's son asleep after a bottle of breast milk.

Courtesy of Jennifer Rowe

The author’s son asleep after a bottle of breast milk.

In 2023, the Bottles and Breastfeeding Equipment Screening Enhancement Act was introduced into Congress to require TSA to clarify and regularly update guidance on handling breast milk and baby formula at airports.

Until those regulations are consistently followed and employees are properly trained, treating traveling mothers with dignity and respect rather than judgment will go a long way in overcoming the unnecessary difficulties of an already stressful experience.

After four days of exhaustion playing the role of obedient employee, prepared mama (finding time to pump in between work meetings and obligations), and mentally readying myself for the complicated journey back home, I arrived at the Las Vegas airport as prepared as I could be to face the judgment and humiliation I’d just endured four days earlier. This time, I knew I’d be asked to step aside for additional screening as I now had 16 bags of breast milk that had to be tested before I could be cleared for my gate.

I took every precaution to make sure I could safely transport this liquid gold back to my son according to the TSA’s rules and regulations, so you can imagine my shock and horror as I witnessed a TSA agent open and spill not one but two bags of breast milk. Rather than apologise, the agent looked at me with disgust at the inconvenience I’d caused by their mishandling of my milk. Once again, I felt deflated over the journey I was about to endure as tears filled my eyes.

“No use crying over spilled milk,” the agent said to me.

No use indeed.

Note: HuffPost reached out to Southwest Airlines for comment but did not immediately receive a reply.

Jennifer Rowe is a mother of two in upstate New York who works full time as an executive in the fitness and development industry. As a freelance writer, her focus is on personal essays and narratives that highlight the many facets of identity a woman takes on within and beyond motherhood. When she’s not working or writing, Jennifer can be found with her nose buried in a book or on the sidelines of the baseball field and the dance studio cheering on her kids.

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14 Phrases To Use With Your Teen That Will Transform Your Relationship

Maybe you’re in the throes of parenting a teenager, or you remember (probably less than fondly) what it’s like to be a teenager yourself. Whatever the case, you know that the teenager-parent relationship is typically a fraught one.

“Teenagers are individuating at this age,Avigail Lev, a psychologist and the founder and director of Bay Area CBT Center, explained. “It’s very difficult for them because they’re striving to become more autonomous and think for themselves, and they don’t want to be attached to mommy and daddy the way they used to be. However, they’re still dependent on their parents, which creates cognitive dissonance and frustration. On one level, they feel ready to be an adult, but on another level, they’re still dependent. This conflict makes it very difficult for them to connect with their parents.”

The hormones don’t help, either. “This is also the time when they are becoming hormonal and experiencing sexual attraction, leading to feelings of shame and an increased awareness of their autonomy and individuality,” Lev said. “This adds a level of complexity to their relationship with their parents.”

On the one hand, it’s important for parents to accept that they’re probably not going to connect as easily with their kids during their teenage years. On the other, certain phrases can foster a feeling of safety and connection.

The Best Phrases To Use With Your Teenager

Lev stressed that asking open-ended questions, reflecting back, and validating feelings and needs are key.

“Teenagers are very emotionally dysregulated, impulsive, and emotional,” she said. “They need a lot of mirroring, similar to how a 2-year-old needs mirroring. … It doesn’t mean the parent validates bad behaviors, but rather mirrors back the emotions, contains them, and remains a stable figure and container for their emotions. This teaches teenagers self-regulation skills.”

With that in mind, Lev said some phrases that can help improve your relationship include: “It makes sense that you feel…,” “It makes sense that you need…,” “I know you’re doing your best,” “You can handle this,” “I believe in you,” “I trust you,” “You can trust yourself,” “I’m here if you need me,” “I hope you feel comfortable coming to me if you need anything,” and “Of course you feel…”.

“Knowing that you are always there for them can encourage them to open up and share their thoughts and feelings.”

– Sandra Kushnir, licensed marriage and family therapist

Sandra Kushnir, a licensed marriage and family therapist and founder & CEO of Meridian Counseling, added that her favorite phrase to use with teenagers is, “I’m here for you, no matter what.”

This statement reassures them that they have your unconditional support, fostering a sense of security and trust, she explained. “Knowing that you are always there for them can encourage them to open up and share their thoughts and feelings,” she said.

Another good one? “I’m curious about what you think.”

“By showing genuine interest in their opinions, you validate their growing sense of individuality and promote open communication,” Kushnir said. “It also signals that you respect their emerging adult perspectives.”

“I understand this is important to you” can also be a beneficial and validating phrase, Kushnir said. “Acknowledging their priorities and interests, even if they seem trivial to you, helps build a connection. It demonstrates empathy and respect for their autonomy.”

Lastly, using the phrase, “Let’s figure this out together” can shift the dynamic from a parent-versus-teenager mentality to a more cooperative relationship.

“Collaborating on problem-solving reinforces the idea of teamwork and support, which can strengthen your bond,” Kushnir added.

Phrases And Questions To Avoid

As with most things in life, certain phrases can do more harm than good when you’re trying to connect with your teen. “Some statements can come across as confrontational or judgmental, shutting down communication rather than encouraging it,” said Nicolle Osequeda, a licensed marriage and family therapist based in Chicago.

“Instead of fostering understanding, they may lead to defensiveness and resistance. To effectively influence their choices and share perspectives, parents must prioritize understanding their teenager’s viewpoint. By being present and engaged, parents can help cultivate a relationship that is more responsive to the needs and feelings of their teenagers.”

Osequeda said parents should be cautious of using questions and phrases like “I want to talk to you about…” “You need to tell me why you did that” and “How could you possibly think about doing that?”

Comparison is another trap you should do your best to avoid, Kushnir said. Saying something along the lines of, “Why can’t you be more like…?” can damage a teen’s self-esteem and foster resentment. “Every teenager is unique, and comparing them to others undermines their individuality and worth,” Kushnir explained.

Other phrases can shut teenagers down when most parents are striving to do the opposite. Saying, “Because I said so” and “You’re overreacting” can come off as dismissive.

“Dismissing their feelings can lead to frustration and a sense of not being heard. It’s important to validate their emotions, even if they seem disproportionate,” Kushnir said.

The bottom line? Parenting a teenager is anything but easy, and you shouldn’t be too hard on yourself if you find you’re having a hard time connecting with your child during this time. But with enough compassion and a slight tweak of your communication style, you might just find your relationship transformed.

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A Mobile Network Has Provided Guidelines On When Children Should Have Mobile Phones

Long gone are the days of ‘logging on’ to the internet, now we’re all interconnected via social media, our doorbells and even our food deliveries.

While there are pros and cons of this, one thing that’s unavoidable is our children’s interest in all things Online and recent studies have shown that by the age of 11 over 90% of children in the UK have their own smartphone.

Of course, this means that children have access to a wealth of information and education right at their fingertips, but it also means that their safety is potentially at risk from malicious users, harmful content and addictive social media apps.

Mobile phone and service provider EE said: “Being part of a healthy online community can be a really positive thing and lots of games, apps and websites have ways for users to get together and chat.

“However, these can also be used by malicious users who want to bully and manipulate others. Making your child aware of the warning signs of this type of behaviour can stop them falling victim to it or at least let them identify it and tell you if it happens.”

When children should get smartphones

Ahead of the new school year, EE, which is owned by BT, has set out guidelines which aim to improve children’s digital wellbeing after parents had requested guidance.

The service provider has urged that children under the age of 11 should be given phones that can be used to text and make calls but without access to the internet or social media apps.

Its corporate affairs director Mat Sears said EE wanted to help parents and caregivers “make the best choices for their children”.

He told the BBC: “Under-11s we feel should not be given access to smartphones. They don’t need the usage of a smartphone and, actually, a feature phone – or a dumb phone, as some people call them – is more suitable.”

Research from Ofcom earlier this year revealed that over half of under-13s were using social media, despite most of the big platforms having rules requiring that users are over 13.

Sears recommends that while social media is appropriate for 13-16 year olds, he recommends that parents exercise caution, saying: “We think it’s absolutely fine and OK for social media to be used [by over-13s] but various parental controls and privacy settings should be put in place, as well as screen locks for the amount of time that is being placed on these various social media sites.”

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The 1 Health Advantage Dogs May Give Their Owners

Ah, dogs. We love them so much at HuffPost UK that we can’t stop writing about ’em ― we’ve already shared, for instance, the annoying behaviour all dog owners should encourage when taking their furry friend for a walk.

We’ve revealed the non-tail-wagging signs your dog is really happy, too.

But what about what your canine does for your health?

On a recent episode of gut health company ZOE’s podcast, co-founder Jonathan Wolf interviewed Dr. Gideon Lack, a professor of paediatric allergy at King’s College London.

He said that though they’re absolutely not definitive, “there are two studies now showing that babies who are born into a home with a dog have about a 50% reduced chance of developing food allergies.”

Does having a dog definitely halve my kid’s chances of getting food allergies?

No, and Dr. Lack doesn’t claim it will.

Jonathan Wolf had the same question, to which the professor responded, “No, that is an observational association. It’s not evidence.”

To get true evidence, you’d have to randomly give half of a group of pregnant women dogs and not give the other half one.

That would be a “randomised intervention,” meaning scientists would add dogs into participants’ lives at random rather than simply looking at those who already have one.

Those who own a dog already could do so for external reasons that might affect the results (like having a bigger house and maybe being richer, or being more rural, etc.).

Dr. Lack says a true scientific trial on the topic is hard to do, though he hopes to run a randomised “Bow Wow study” one day.

However given the data we do have, Dr. Lack says, “At the moment, we just have observation, but they’re pretty compelling observations.”

One such study found “that exposure to dogs and farm animals during the first year of life reduces the risk of asthma in children at age 6 years.”

“This all goes back to the hygiene hypothesis, getting in contact with a whole host of bacterial flora,” the professor added.

Is there any other way to reduce the risk of allergies?

Seemingly, yes (good news for those of us in small apartments or with dog allergies).

We’ve written before about an extensive study that found that giving children who are at risk of developing a peanut butter allergy the offending food regularly, especially when very young, seems to reduce allergy rates by 71%.

In the ZOE podcast, Dr. Lack talked about the same idea.

“I would say in babies with eczema as early as three to four months of life, start introducing them to peanut, egg, milk, the common food allergens,” he said.

“Regularly, frequently, not large amounts of time, small amounts of time, but so that they get enough over a week and continue that every week,” he added.

So, more dogs and more peanut butter sandwiches… sounds good to me.

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The Funniest Tweets From Parents This Week (July 27-Aug. 2)

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People Who Have Good Relationships With Their Parents Seem To Have This In Common

A few summers ago I was on vacation with my children in Minnesota. It was early evening, and I needed a way to occupy them for a couple of hours in order to make it to the end of what felt like a very long day. I was tired, and my fuse was short. I had them put on their bathing suits, and we piled into the car, heading to what someone had recommended as a perfect swimming spot in one of the 10,000 lakes surrounding us. In the wilderness, my GPS was less than helpful. I turned down one gravelly dirt road after another, finding private homes and campsites but no public lake access. My frustration grew. I muttered under my breath and swore out loud.

Turning the car around, yet again, I opened my mouth to make another angry sound — but then I caught my kids’ eyes in the rearview mirror. There was fear in them. They were visibly worried that if we didn’t find this lake, I was going to — well, I don’t know what they thought I would do, but it was definitely something scary.

I was at a total loss, and I gripped the sides of the wheel and said, “I’m going to blow!” Then I shook my head around wildly and yelled “Ahhhhh!” on and on, turning it into a sort of rage-y yodel. Think Animal from the Muppets. My kids fell silent. Their eyes grew wide with surprise, mouths dangling open — then my son’s lips shifted into a smile. He started laughing, with his little sister immediately following suit. Soon, they were cracking up.

When I ran out of air to continue my performance, they shouted, “Again! Again!”

All I had to do to defuse a tense situation was turn myself into a loony, pre-verbal puppet.

The Muppets Studio via Getty Images

All I had to do to defuse a tense situation was turn myself into a loony, pre-verbal puppet.

I wasn’t quite sure what I’d done, but was relieved that I’d managed to make it through the moment without turning into the bad guy.

Humour can be an effective way to defuse a tense situation, of which parenting offers plenty. Yet for all the talk of parenting styles, strategies, tools, tips and hacks, humour is something that seldom gets discussed beyond a comment here or there about “dad jokes.”

But a new, preliminary study about the use of humour in parenting shows that most of us view humour as a valuable parenting tool. Not only that, but researchers found a correlation between parents’ use of humour and the quality of their relationships with their children.

In a survey of 312 respondents, ages 18-45, more than half (55.2%) said that the people who raised them used humour in their parenting. A majority (71.8%) agreed that humour can be an effective parenting tool, that it has more potential for benefit than harm (63.3%) and that they plan to (or do) use it with their own children (61.8%). These responses didn’t differ significantly when compared by age or gender.

Dr. Benjamin Levi, a professor at Penn State and one of the study’s authors, told HuffPost that these findings were interesting, although perhaps not that surprising. After all, most people view humour in a positive light.

What was unexpected, Levi said, was the correlation the study found between parents’ use of humour and the way their (now adult) children viewed both the way they were parented and their relationship with their parents.

“People who said that their parents used humour, those folks were much more likely to report that they had a good relationship with their parents, and that they thought that their parents did a good job,” he said.

“Not surprisingly,” he continued, those same people were more likely “to say that they would use the same kinds of techniques” with their own children.

The numbers are startling. Among respondents who reported that their parents used humour, 50.5% said they had a good relationship with their parents. Among respondents who said their parents did not use humour, however, only 2.9% reported a good relationship with their parents. Among respondents who said their parents used humour, 44.2% reported that they felt their parents did a good job parenting them. Among those who said their parents did not use humour, however, the number who thought their parents did a good job dropped to 3.6%.

Levi is quick to note that this is only a preliminary study. The intriguing numbers call for further investigation, and Levi says a larger, more comprehensive study is already in the works.

It’s unclear what, exactly, the connection is between humour and effective parenting. “My guess is that it’s something that was modelled for them, where they tried and they saw that it worked,” Levi said of the majority of survey respondents who viewed humour positively.

He also mentioned that a parent can use humour in an unexpected way in order to break the tension, like I managed to do with my Animal impression in the car. He recalled the story of a dad who, when his daughters were fighting, would grab one in each arm and jump, all of them fully-clothed, into the pool. Wild? Yes. Wet? Absurdly. But also, effective.

In terms of strengthening people’s relationships with their kids, he said, “It could be the case that the people who use humour are a particular kind of person, right? And they may parent differently entirely apart from the humour.”

But there’s also the particular value of a well-timed joke.

“My guess is that [humour] opens up new patterns for communication and interaction, because it changes dynamics that may fall into patterns or ruts,” Levi said. “It’s sort of an invitation to be creative and imaginative.”

Here at HuffPost, we know that parents often lean on their funny bones in order to get through the tough moments, as evidenced by readers’ enthusiasm for our regular round-ups of funny parenting tweets. We asked some of the parents whose tweets frequently appear in these collections their thoughts on the relationship between humour and parenting.

Humour can cut the tension.

Meg St-Esprit is mom to a 12-year-old, twin 10-year-olds and an almost 6-year old. “Parenting and family life are hard, especially in a big family with a lot of different needs, preferences, and ways of viewing the world,” she said. “Humour can be a tool to defuse some of those places where we chafe against one another, or help us look at a situation less seriously when we are worked up.”

Rodney Lacroix, whose kids are 23, 21, 19 and 15, said, “I’ve always shown my kids that there is always a lighter side to things, and that humour can come from the most unlikely places — even in failure or times of despair.”

“Like when we are out of pizza rolls,” he added.

But, it should be used cautiously.

Humour, St-Esprit noted, is “tricky to do well.”

“Most young kids and even some teens don’t truly understand sarcasm, even if they sometimes appear to. They may laugh but wonder internally if it’s true, so we do try to be careful not to cross a line between light humour and trolling our kids or one another,” she said.

“I do think there is a difference between using humour with our kids and making fun of them,” she continued. “Humour within families should build one another up, not tear anyone down. Like anything, it’s a tool that can be used well or used to cause harm.”

Humour can add to the enjoyment of authentic, real-life interactions.

While plenty of us go looking for humour online, there’s a special value to sharing laughter together in person.

“In today’s world where their screens define what the kids see and the humour online is so different and forced for likes, being around a family that is able to go through the emotions and laugh together at situations goes a long way,” said Vinod Chhaproo, a parent to two daughters ages 11 and 9.

Humour can soften the delivery of directives.

“I told my girls that the way they brush their teeth, they’ll never see a cavity on their bathroom sink,” said Chhaproo. “They laughed and got the message. Telling them that their winter jackets have been ordered and shipped to the school’s lost and found directly made them roll their eyes,” he said, noting that “they’ve not lost many jackets since.”

Humour can help us take ourselves less seriously.

“I use humour at every opportunity, if I burn the pancakes or add salt to my coffee, or google up the answers to 5th grade math homework,” Chhaproo added. “My girls have also learnt to laugh at themselves, take jokes and react positively to the mistakes and not be beaten down by them.”

Shane B., a father of three who tweets as Dadman Walking, said, “I think it helps show them you don’t have to be so serious all the time.”

“You can take a crappy situation and be able to handle it better. I make jokes on things too when I’m uncomfortable … I think less emotions are buried because of it.”

Without laughter, he said, “life is scary nonstop. Especially to kids.”

“I love making people laugh, and it’s an even greater feeling getting my kids laughing. Especially when they’re crying over physical or emotional pain. Laughter helps heal the heart,” he added.

Humour can help forge bonds in relationships.

Shane B. said his kids “constantly come to me to tell me anything funny that happened in their day.”

“Laughter brings a special connection and opens up the door for that conversation to sometimes end up with a lot of meaning,” he continued.

Lacroix noted that it’s important to take advantages of opportunities to share laughter when kids are little, as they may become less frequent as they grow up.

“I find I am becoming more serious in my parenting. My kids are still funny, but now the conversations are about jobs, school and life. Try to keep it light when you can. Make light of serious situations — treading carefully — to get them to see that, even though life is a giant bucket of suck, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel if you can crack a smile about it,” he said.

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My Mum Knew I Was Having Suicidal Thoughts. Here’s How She Gave Me My Life Back.

“Everyone’s depressed,” my mother said when I told her about the sick dread and the lead in my legs that made taking a walk seem unbearable. At 32, I was living in the ice-encrusted city of Buffalo, New York, with its many shades of gray, slogging my way through a gloomy English Ph.D. program. The bed was my world, the only place where I could slip into the fleeting death of sleep.

“No, Mom,” I said. “I don’t think everyone is depressed.”

I’d seen evidence of this at a winter street fair: a man wearing a baby in a front holster close to his heart; the baby in a white snowsuit like a winter starfish; the way the man absentmindedly cradled her and kissed the top of her head; the pure blue water of peace in his eyes.

I knew the man was happy. At that moment, on that day, in that world, it was, for this man, good to be alive.

“They are depressed,” Mom insisted. “They just hide it.”

My mother, a high-strung Irish Bostonian, believed that life troubles should be endured without complaint. She had survived a bitter childhood where her stepfather had visited her room at night, and when she told my grandmother, my grandmother said: “You imagined it.” As an adult, my mother reasoned it was nothing to dwell on.

With me, she was softer. When I was a child and feeling low, she used to pour me some milky tea in a china cup and invite me to tell her my worries. The taste of her love soothed me. But even then, her impulse was to shoo feelings away. Nothing was as bad as it seemed, now was it? When tea time was over, one was meant to get on with one’s life.

“I don’t want to believe that everyone’s depressed,” I said.

“Well, it’s true,” she insisted.

But I shook my head. Hope was an amulet that I gripped to stay alive.

My trouble started in college at the University of Vermont. It came on me like a flu. One minute, I was trudging to classes in the bright snow and conversing easily with friends. The next minute, I was mute in bed in the foetal position. I slept for 20 hours at a time, rising only to ransack my roommate’s store of Cheetos and Ring Dings. My mother was so frightened that she called the dean of my college and demanded that he do something. I was put into counselling.

The sorrow returned as a low-grade haze of numbness in my 20s. My mother and I were sitting in a car watching a sunset over Lake Champlain. I stared at the streaks of pink and gold as if they were trapped behind a pane of glass.

“I think it must be beautiful,” I said. “But I can’t feel it.”

She sipped her tea from a thermos. “You can choose to feel it,” she said.

When I moved to Buffalo, it followed me. During sunless days of trying to write a dissertation in a drafty apartment, a drumbeat of a voice berated me: You are a loser and have always been a loser. You are so fat, you are hideous. You won’t be able to do it. You will be publicly humiliated if you try.

These thoughts were like little scorpions stinging my mind, and I would fantasise about opening up my skull and placing balm on my brain to soothe the pain. With the lows came brittle highs of tight-wire anxiety — an electrical hum — telling me that something catastrophic was on the verge of happening. Thoughts of death were constant. I considered the options carefully, taking bleak comfort in the planning.

But what about my mother?

“You are my life,” she first told me when I was 3 years old, and she repeated it so often that it became knitted into my consciousness. As an only child, I knew it was my duty to stay alive for her. I was to be the emissary of happiness.

“Maybe it’s our family,” I said to my mom at last. “Maybe just everyone in our family is depressed.”

I had thought about this before. Irish melancholy is romanticised, but in my family, it was a banal truth. Drink was the main antidote. Amid hilarious stories, wit and rowdy fun at weddings, there was a thread of sorrow running through us.

Each of us sought a cure: drugs, work, food. But not doctors or prescribed medications. Those were taboo — reserved for those locked up in Mattapan, one of the cruel asylums in Massachusetts that got shut down after an explosive documentary on mental institutions in the 1970s.

“Maybe.” My mother finally conceded the thread of darkness in our family.

Because she knew the roads. She knew the deadened agony of hanging the laundry when the black dog was at the door. In the 1960s, she bought a red Karmann Ghia. She used to drive too fast. What was she leaving behind in the rearview mirror? Was it her stepfather? My parents’ disappointing marriage? Her unrealised dreams of being a writer?

“Your problem is you have no problems,” she said when I was in Buffalo and repelled one of her pep talks. I was in a state of anguish, and I could see that she was afraid.

I stopped going to her for help. I sought out a psychiatrist, medication and meditation in my 40s. I was diagnosed as bipolar. This explained the mysterious bouts of euphoria when I’d buy 14 pairs of shoes online and hide them from my boyfriend in the closet. I suddenly understood sleepless periods when I would write all night and be convinced that I was writing the great American novel, but later found the pages rambling and incoherent.

The medication has helped. I started walking to the Brooklyn Botanical Garden every day in spring to watch the flowers bloom — first purple crocuses, then red and yellow tulips, then pink cherry blossoms, and finally the miracle of lilacs.

I went into recovery for an eating disorder that had plagued me since I was 14. I never spoke of my diagnosis with my mother. I was afraid of her reaction. In the conversation, I imagined, she’d shake her head and say, “Don’t be so dramatic.”

My mental illness is a balancing act that requires constant maintenance. I get good sleep; I walk every day; I reach out to friends; and I’m honest with my doctors. But sometimes I get tired of being vigilant, get out of my routine, and slip back down. It feels so familiar to drape the robes of my depression around me again, and I’ll take to my bed. For years, I kept a store of pills in my drawer — just in case.

One night, over a few glasses of wine, my mother and I relaxed into a state of truth-telling. Once I had stopped treating her as my therapist, our relationship had improved.

“I have one request,” she said slowly.

I had no idea what was coming.

“If you are ever set on doing it — if you have really made your mind up — I’m asking you for one last thing: I want you to call me.”

This was the first time we had spoken of such things in years.

“I know how bad it gets,” she said. “I want you to call me. And if, after we talk, you still want to do it, I won’t try to stop you. It is your life to do with as you choose.”

We sipped our wine.

At that moment, I felt a flood of relief. She was finally acknowledging that what I was going through — what I had always gone through — was real. By making this request, my mother was putting a phone call between me and death.

With those six words — “I want you to call me” — I felt she was giving me my life back. Worrying about what my death would do to her had often stayed my hand, but I had never developed the desire to live for myself.

This conversation changed me, but it could not change the dynamic of my relationship with my mother completely. I was still afraid to tell her about my diagnosis. I mentioned it in passing one day, and it was met with silence.

My mother still believed in the power of will to chase away bad thoughts. She came from a different generation where emotional struggles were to be borne alone. I had watched her bear the abuse of her childhood in silence. I had watched her muscle through her grief when my father left. And when dementia slowly took her mind, I watched her rage, but never cry. Her way was an idea of strength that would never seek help. Her way was not my way. But she broke the silence between us and spoke of the things we must never speak about. And that saved me. As I learned in my recovery, “We are only as sick as our secrets.”

My mother passed away three years ago. I no longer have a promise to keep. But in its place is a new promise to myself. I cling ferociously to life and sound the alarm whenever that resolve weakens. I learned how to sound the alarm on my own. The ability to be ferocious is something I learned from my mother.

Julia Anne Miller is a writer in New York City whose writing has appeared in the New York Times, Salon and Smithsonian. She has performed in such storytelling venues as “Stripped Stories” and “Speak Easy.” Her essay “Sharing a Cab and My Toes” was read by Greta Gerwig for the New York Times Modern Love podcast. She is working on a collection of essays entitled “My Life in Cake.” She can be found at https://julia-anne-miller.com.

Help and support:

  • Mind, open Monday to Friday, 9am-6pm on 0300 123 3393.
  • Samaritans offers a listening service which is open 24 hours a day, on 116 123 (UK and ROI – this number is FREE to call and will not appear on your phone bill).
  • CALM (the Campaign Against Living Miserably) offer a helpline open 5pm-midnight, 365 days a year, on 0800 58 58 58, and a webchat service.
  • The Mix is a free support service for people under 25. Call 0808 808 4994 or email help@themix.org.uk
  • Rethink Mental Illness offers practical help through its advice line which can be reached on 0808 801 0525 (Monday to Friday 10am-4pm). More info can be found on rethink.org.
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