Atlas of cells transforms understanding of human body

Scientists are mapping out the 37 trillion cells of the human body and changing what we thought we knew

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Drug hope to treat voice spasm like RFK Jr’s

Sodium oxybate can offer temporary relief, in a similar way to drinking alcohol, a trial suggests.

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Streeting orders review to end ‘toxic’ NHS staff row

The health secretary says fears over physician associates need looking at, but laments nature of debate.

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Researchers discover new cognitive blueprint for making and breaking habits

Cognitive neuroscientists in Trinity College Dublin have published new research describing a brand new approach to making habit change achievable and lasting.

This innovative framework has the potential to significantly improve approaches to personal development, as well as the clinical treatment of compulsive disorders (for example obsessive compulsivedisorder, addiction, and eating disorders).

The research was led by Dr Eike Buabang, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the lab of Professor Claire Gillan in the School of Psychology and has been published as a paper, Leveraging cognitive neuroscience for making and breaking real-world habits, in the journal Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

Dr Buabang explains: “Habits play a central role in our daily lives, from making that first cup of coffee in the morning, to the route we take to work, and the routine we follow to prepare for bed. Our research reveals why these automatic behaviours are so powerful — and how we can harness our brain’s mechanisms to change them. We bring together decades of research from laboratory studies as well as research from real-world settings to get a picture of how habits work in the human brain.”

Our habits are shaped by two brain systems — one that triggers automatic responses to familiar cues and another that enables goal-directed control. So for example, scrolling through social media when you are bored is the result of automatic response system, and putting your phone away to focus on work is enabled by the goal-directed control brain system.

It is precisely the imbalance between these two brain systems that is key. The research found that such imbalance can lead to everyday action slips such as inadvertently entering an old password instead of the current one. In more extreme cases, Professor Gillan’s research has shown that it can even contribute to compulsive behaviours seen in conditions such as obsessive compulsivedisorder, substance use disorders, and eating disorders.

Habits happen when automatic responses outweigh our ability to consciously control them. Good and bad habits are two sides of the same coin — both arise when automatic responses overpower goal-directed control. By understanding this dynamic, we can start to use it to our own advantage, to both make and break habits.

The new framework describes several factors that can influence the balance between automatic responses and goal-directed control:

  • Repetition and reinforcement are essential to making our habits stick. Repeating a behaviour builds strong associations between environmental cues and responses, while rewarding the behaviour makes it more likely to be repeated. In leveraging the same mechanism to break habits, we can replace old behaviours with new ones to create competing automatic responses.
  • The environment also plays a key role in habit change. Adjusting your surroundings can help; making desired behaviours easier to access encourages good habits, while removing cues that trigger unwanted behaviour disrupts bad habits.
  • Knowing how to engage your own goal-directed system can help strengthen and weaken habits. Disengaging from effortful control, such as listening to a podcast while exercising, accelerates habit formation. However, stress, time pressure, and fatigue can trigger a return to old patterns, so staying mindful and intentional is key when trying to break them.

Dr Buabang explains, “Our research provides a new ‘playbook’ for behaviour change by connecting brain science with practical, real-world applications. We include effective strategies like implementation intentions, so-called, if-then plans (“if situation X occurs, then I will do Y”), and also integrate clinical interventions such as exposure therapy, habit reversal therapy, contingency management, and brain stimulation. It is important that our framework not only captures existing interventions but also provides targets for the development of new ones.”

This research also opens new possibilities for personalising treatments based on how different people form and break habits, making interventions more effective. Professor Gillan explains “We are all different; depending on your neurobiology, it might make more sense to focus on avoiding cues than reducing stress or allowing yourself more time for your daily routine.” Beyond individual treatment, these insights could reshape public health strategies. Understanding the brain’s role in habit formation could help policymakers design more effective health campaigns, from encouraging regular exercise to reducing sugar consumption.

“By working with, rather than against, how our brains naturally form habits, we can create strategies that make healthier choices more automatic at both individual and societal levels.”

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Eradivir’s EV25 therapeutic reduces advanced-stage influenza viral loads faster, more thoroughly in preclinical studies than current therapies

Eradivir, a preclinical biotech company, has developed a patent-pending antiviral therapeutic that reduces lung viral loads of advanced-stage influenza in preclinical studies quicker and more effectively than currently available therapies.

A single intranasal dose of EV25, a bispecific small molecule developed by Eradivir, acts faster than the current standard of care, eliminating the detectable virus within 24 hours. EV25 also has a window of efficacy of 96 hours postinfection, which is broader than the current standard of care.

A research paper titled “Targeted recruitment of immune effector cells for rapid eradication of influenza virus infections” has been published in the peer-reviewed Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

EV25 was built on a platform created by Philip Low, the Presidential Scholar for Drug Discovery and the Ralph C. Corley Distinguished Professor of Chemistry in Purdue University’s College of Science. He is part of Purdue’s One Health initiative and on the faculty of the Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and the Purdue Institute for Cancer Research. Low is Eradivir’s chief scientific officer and on its board of directors.

He disclosed the immunological innovations to the Purdue Innovates Office of Technology Commercialization, which has applied for patents to protect the intellectual property. OTC licensed the innovations to Eradivir for further development and commercialization.

Serious threats posed by influenza

Imrul Shahriar, a scientist at Eradivir, said the influenza virus remains a serious health threat for multiple reasons. One is that current FDA-approved drugs are only effective when administered early during an influenza infection, but they are less effective when administered in later stages of the disease.

“This emphasizes the need for a therapy that can treat more severe infection,” he said. “Familiarity with influenza may mollify public concerns about its risk, but infections still cause tens of millions of illnesses and medical visits annually in the United States, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths.”

Other reasons influenza remains a serious health problem are:

  • Only 50% of people in the U.S. get vaccinated, and the effectiveness of current vaccines ranges from only 19% to 60%.
  • Current therapies are less effective against some strains of the flu as they mutate.
  • Pandemic strains of the flu like the current H5N1 avian strain may mutate enough to be transmitted from animals to people and eventually from people to people. They are now being transmitted to dairy cattle that, in turn, are infecting people.

Developing and testing EV25

Shahriar, who recently earned his PhD in Low’s laboratory, said EV25 reduces viral loads of advanced-stage influenza in two ways.

“It binds and inhibits viral neuraminidase expressed on both free virus particles and virus-infected cells,” he said. “It also recruits naturally occurring antibodies to fight the virus.”

Shahriar said tests showed EV25 lowered secretions of pro-inflammatory markers and protected against virus-induced damage to lungs better than current therapies.

“As a result, we believe that combining an immunotherapy with a chemotherapy in a single pharmacological agent constitutes a promising new approach for treating the more challenging forms of influenza virus infection,” he said.

Next development steps

Recently EV25 was approved by the European and Belgian regulatory agencies to be used in a Phase 1 human trial that will conclude early next year. Shortly following the Phase 1 trial, a Phase 2a trial will be conducted to further establish the safety and begin to define the efficacy of EV25. Data from the Phase 2a will be available in July 2025.

Eradivir at OPTIONS XII

Jeffery Nielsen, vice president for research and development at Eradivir, presented information on two Eradivir drug compounds during OPTIONS XII, a global scientific conference focused on influenza held Sept. 29-Oct. 2 in Brisbane, Australia.

The poster presentation “Ligand-Targeted Immunotherapy for the Rapid Clearance of Influenza Infections” disclosed data about EV25. It won the Best in Clinical Science and Vaccinology award at the conference.

The oral presentation “Novel Ligand-Targeted Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)” disclosed data about Eradivir’s small-molecule therapy to treat human RSV infections in all age groups.

Both EV25 and the RSV therapeutic are built on the BAiT platform, or Bispecific Antigenic immunoTherapy, developed at Purdue.

“It was tremendous that presentations about both therapeutics were accepted at OPTIONS XII, the premier conference on influenza and respiratory viruses,” Nielsen said. “EV25 is a game changer in how effective it is compared to existing therapeutics in preclinical models. The RSV drug is another game changer because it rapidly clears out infection in preclinical models; there are currently no therapies to treat a person who has been infected with RSV.”

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Bioeconomy in Colombia: The race to save Colombia’s vital shellfish

Along Colombia’s Pacific coast, a small shellfish called piangua has been a crucial part of local communities for generations. This humble mollusk is a vital source of income and nutrition for many coastal residents. As a regional resource that can be sustainably utilized, it represents a bioeconomy opportunity and is an example for other regions. But now, scientists are raising the alarm about its future.

A new study reveals that piangua populations are showing concerning signs of decline, largely due to overharvesting. Researchers used cutting-edge DNA analysis to examine these shellfish in two key locations along Colombia’s Pacific coast, providing the first detailed genetic profile of these important creatures.

The findings paint a worrying picture. “While piangua populations have been stable for over 100,000 years, recent decades of intensive harvesting have taken their toll,” explained Silvia Restrepo, president of the Boyce Thompson Institute and lead author of the study.

The numbers are striking. Piangua exports from Colombia skyrocketed from just 100 tons per year in 1980 to over 3,000 tons by 2004. In some areas, like Bahía Málaga, the population has plunged by 60%. This dramatic increase in harvesting has forced the piangua onto Colombia’s endangered species list.

“We discovered that the piangua are experiencing a significant loss of genetic diversity,” said Restrepo. “This is evidenced by a high level of inbreeding and a reduction in heterozygosity.”

Why is genetic diversity so important? Imagine the gene pool of a species as a deck of cards. Each card represents different genetic traits that help the species survive various challenges — disease resistance, temperature tolerance, or the ability to find food. When overharvesting reduces the population, it’s like removing cards from the deck. With fewer “cards” in play, the species becomes less equipped to handle new threats.

The study, recently published in Scientific Reports, also revealed something unexpected. Despite living in connected coastal waters, piangua populations in different areas maintain subtle genetic variations. This suggests that local populations might have special adaptations to their specific environments, making it even more crucial to protect them all.

This research has real-world implications for conservation. Equipped with this new genetic information, scientists, the Colombian government, and local communities can work together to develop better protection strategies. These might include creating protected areas, establishing sustainable harvesting quotas, or implementing restoration programs.

The study marks a significant milestone as the first genetic investigation of piangua in Colombia, complete with the first detailed mapping of its genome. This genetic blueprint will be an invaluable tool for future conservation efforts.

The message is clear for the communities along Colombia’s Pacific coast: without immediate action to protect these vital shellfish, they risk losing not just an important food source, but a crucial part of their cultural and economic heritage. The race is on to save the piangua while there is still time.

This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (MinCiencias) of Colombia.

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Bucket List Challenge – Round 2 Begins

Today, November 19, at 11:11 AM Pacific Time, we enthusiastically begin Round 2 of our community Bucket List Challenge. There are 3 rounds total with 4 Zoom calls per round. All the details are spelled out on the Bucket List Challenge page, including the price, which is a very low $333 – so virtually nothing relative to the immense value of massively expanding your experiential range and having some new life experiences that you’d otherwise never get to have.

Yes, you can still join now, and you’ll get all the Round 1 recordings (and those for all three rounds when they’re published). We publish each video to the BLC member portal the same day the live call happens. You can attend any or all of the 8 remaining calls live, or watch the recordings (or both). Same price either way, nice and simple.

Round 1 was a lovely warmup with the encouragement to pick something relatively easy but still richly meaningful. I picked something I’ve never done before, which was to celebrate Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). That was my main one for the first round, but I also had many other fascinating new experiences. Here’s a list I recently shared about it in Conscious Growth Club:

  • Celebrating Día de los Muertos with Rachelle for the first time ever. This included learning more about its history and roots, acquiring and setting up decorations in our home (including papel picado), creating our first ofrenda, getting a Día de los Muertos oracle card deck and doing many readings with it (including on a CGC call), going to two local festivals on November 2nd and enjoying music + dance troupes + art + food + vendors + more, acquiring some related art, and connecting a lot more with ancestral energy. This was super lovely all around, and I’m so glad we did it. This was my official selection that I chose during Round 1. I wanted to pick something meaningful and flexible but not overly complex. I’d say this was just perfect for me at this time. It was deeper and richer than I expected, precious even, and I love that we can build upon it in future years.
  • Doing a couple’s MDMA session for the first time ever. We’re still in the ripples of that, which is progressing with more insights and transformations each day. This past week has been the sexiest of my life… so shamelessly slutty. I don’t think it’s a coincidence that I seem to be ridiculously happy too. This has really cracked open a ton of fresh insights, shifts, and reframes about relationships, sex, and love – and how simple and natural it can all be when the blocks and filters are swept aside.
  • Making cannabutter for the first time (from 15 different strains) and testing different amounts of it, ranging from about 100mg to 700mg so far. It’s definitely potent, wonderfully well-balanced, and really useful for deep inner journeys. I like how simple and also precise this exploration method is. It’s such an easygoing and cooperative energy to work with. I’m learning to direct the journeys with it more consciously, telling it what I want to work on and then letting it help me. I feel like I’m pulling out a lot of bent nails and pieces of broken glass that were stuck in my human matrix, like I’m doing energy-level surgery and chiropractic adjustments.
  • Trying a new cannabis strain called Strange Haze #8, accepting the invite to define and cast my own intentions and expectations onto it before trying it. It really did flow with what I expected of it.
  • Did a deep cannabis inner journey on a plane for the first time (with two Indica gummies), which was perfect for a 4-hour flight. There was something about being 30,000 feet off the ground that made it extra engaging, whereby the symbolism of being high up was woven into the experience.
  • Trying a new mushroom variety called Goldmember, which is a hybrid of Golden Teacher and Penis Envy. It was surprisingly gentle and also long-lasting in duration. Since I have access to two other varieties too, this opens up more combos to experiment with as well.
  • Went to Chicago and had lots of new experiences there, including as a riverboat tour, hitting up a bunch of museums, and seeing two parades. My favorite part of that trip was seeing a 1921 silent movie (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) with a live organist. That was such a unique and memorable night – and not something we’d preplanned. We just stumbled upon the theater while walking around.

For Round 2 I’m not prepping a bunch of mental content to share. That was Round 1’s energy, which gave you a very rich and deep framework for identifying, filtering, probing, committing to, and advancing new experiences you’d love to have.

For Round 2 I’m going to host the calls by sensing and flowing where the energy wants to go at each point. The BLC has a consciousness of its own – formed by the collective intentions of everyone participating – and it’s going to take us on a beautiful journey together. All you need to do is show up and be willing to dance with it. I think what it brings up this time will surprise you. I expect to be surprised too because it’s showing me many of the vibes we’ll be working with, but it isn’t showing me the details yet. That tells me it has some surprises up its sleeve.

So please come dance with us through Round 2 of the BLC. Bring your expectations if you wish, but also be open to having them swept aside, so something even better can emerge for all of us.

And oh you’re gonna have so much fun on today’s call. It’s going to be very divergent and creative – and definitely sexy. Don’t wimp out! Show up and participate, and you’ll have a great time!

Skim the details on the Bucket List Challenge invite page if you want, and then follow your heart and trust your intuition, click the Join button on that page, take a minute or two to enroll, and I’ll see you inside!

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I Have Been Lying To My Grown Children For Years. Here’s What They Don’t Know About My Life.

Living alone when you’re my age requires lying. There’s no way around it. It isn’t that I mean to lie; it’s that I want to avoid the conversation that will immediately ensue if I don’t.

My adult daughters — the people who monitor my 86-year-old life — need to feel reassured that I’m eating healthy, exercising and sleeping enough, and being engaged. Engaging means different things to them than to my aging friends, and they are the ones to whom I must answer. Consequently, all these expectations require more and more lying, my form of which is most often that of smiling indirection.

I assure my daughters I eat vast quantities of fruits, vegetables, salmon and chicken. There is rarely any mention of my consumption of popcorn, rum raisin ice cream or pistachios. When we’re having a meal together, I am careful to order a big slab of protein surrounded by leafy green leaves. I demur when offered crackers and cheese and murmur daintily with a downcast expression, “dairy.” Until they read this, I’ll continue to feel confident I’ve gotten away with those lies.

There are days I don’t want to eat my meals in the prescribed order. What if I want something other than cereal, eggs or toast for breakfast, like leftover Chinese takeout? Well, then, that’s what I do. Sometimes, my disorderly eating leads to the need for Alka-Seltzer, but I keep a supply on hand for such occasions. Do I think my daughters check to see what’s in my medicine cabinet? I’m not sure, probably not. But just in case, I keep the Alka-Seltzer tucked away out of sight. I want to avoid answering questions about why I need it.

I also lie — not only by indirection but also by omission — about the frequency of my accidents. They include tripping over, stumbling into, brushing against, and, worst of all, falling all the way down.

I try not to bump into anything, but I fail — repeatedly. Even when I rush to the freezer to urgently press an ice cube onto the spot, an enormous purple bruise blossoms under it.

Slamming into things has also led to many skin tears. Blood requires covering, which results in my arms being festooned with bandages. I have to try to get them on with one hand while holding a cloth over the wound with the other, often ending up with a wastepaper basket filled with false starts and discarded adhesives. My medicine chest currently has a larger supply of bandages of every size and shape, multiple forms of gauze and tape, and tubes of healing ointments than I ever needed when my children were little.

When I go out, I’m met with concerned gazes and the question, “Are you OK?” I smile nonchalantly and joke, “You should see the other guy.” Their amused response allows me to circumvent whatever concrete lie I would have to create to explain my multicoloured, multitextured arms. I have even considered getting those arm sleeves that are intended for gardeners to avoid being cut up by branches or thorns but are now used as accessories. They’re available in a wide range of styles and designs. Some with tattoos might be fun. I could lie and pretend I’m making a fashion statement while covering my ongoing cascade of wounds.

There are also the moments when the urgent task of keeping my balance eludes me entirely, and I fall all the way down. This is most often the result of me trying to multitask.

My most recent fall was in my apartment building’s parking lot. I was getting out of the car, wheeling my grocery cart with one hand and reaching back to close the car door with the other — a recipe for disaster. I went down onto the concrete, the cart rolling to a stop three feet ahead of me against the bumper of a nearby parked car. My first impulse was to look around — not for help, which would have been the wise thing to do — but to see if anyone saw me fall. I was alone, which allowed me to turn over onto my hands and knees, the way I get up from the ground these days.

The only person (or thing, rather) who knows I fell is my Apple Watch, which dutifully flashed, “I see you fell. Do you need help? Should I call 911?” when it happened. I pressed back “I’m fine,” essentially lying in the language Apple’s engineers have programmed as a response. I hobbled upstairs, hurriedly put the food away, laid down and went to sleep. I have concluded that I’m handling the situation maturely. I’m uncertain if not telling my children that I fell down constitutes withholding necessary information — yet another permutation of lying — but I suspect it does. Why is it anyone’s business? They’ll just worry and offer advice that I already know. Be careful. Only do one thing at a time. Move slowly. Use arnica.

There are more things that I lie about. Well, not exactly lying. I just never mention them — like losing and forgetting items and words, for instance.

I’m a very tidy woman, and order comforts me. Everything in my home has a clear and obvious spot, so it’s easy to find something when I need it. But even in my carefully put-together home, I lose things. Eventually, they turn up in a pants pocket, at the bottom of a bag or stuck between a pile of papers on my desk. But how that came to be their momentary resting place is never clear.

I lose things outside my house as well. In public bathrooms, I sometimes take the opportunity to check my messages, then carefully balance the phone on the toilet paper dispenser — and leave it there. This has happened five times, and with each one, the kindness of strangers has reunited me with my phone. I’m hoping my luck holds out.

After the inevitable conclusion of my much-too-young marriage, I lost my house keys four times in one week. Sometimes, there is meaning in losing. Not anymore. There are no metaphors to explore here.

At 86, of course I also forget words; I even lose entire trains of thought. But I remember enough to keep myself interested and do my best to decide that whatever I forgot wasn’t essential or that the thought will eventually return. But when it does, it’s often in the midst of something else where it doesn’t fit, and I don’t understand why I’m remembering whatever it is.

Sometimes, when I lose words, I find others to substitute. Recently, when reaching for the phrase “Secret Service,” I said instead, “Social Security.” My friend looked puzzled by my introduction of this unexpected phrase into our conversation, and I hurriedly switched what I had meant to say.

There has been a new development in my living alone that helps with this and feels comforting, though — talking out loud to myself. It isn’t that I want another person’s voice in my apartment. I just want a voice, and mine does just fine. “I think I’ll watch ‘Hacks’,” I say brightly — and I do just that, getting up from my desk and walking into my living room. It’s a little like having nondemanding company; I enjoy talking to myself and continue to find myself sprightly. However, I’m careful not to do this when my daughters are around because the possibility of seeing their mother speak to nothing but the air in front of her would alarm them.

My social life being filled with old women (and a sprinkling of old men) is also helpful. When I forget something, I just say, “I forgot,” and they understand. Maybe if I had more younger people in my life, I would have to navigate my embarrassment and their impatience with a lie (followed by my annoyance at my embarrassment and their impatience). But I don’t have to do that with my friends. We’re all in the same boat.

Behind my agreeable face is an old woman holding fiercely to her wavering autonomy. I wonder if the middle-aged children of aging parents yield to parental obfuscations and equivocations — the little lies we tell — because they may not really want to know about the forgetting, falling, creative eating, losing, bumping into sharp objects, and talking to ourselves that define our realities. Would my daughters really want to know what goes on when they aren’t around — the challenges I face every day and all that I go through to be able to live my life the way I want to live it? Do they — and others like them — worry that the more they know, the more they may have to step toward us and our increasingly precarious hold on independence and eventually fold us into their lives? Our lying is buying us time — a precious and limited commodity that we want as our own. And I’ll continue to lie as long as I can get away with it.

Sandra Butler is the author of five books, each designed to identify something unspoken in women’s lives. “Conspiracy of Silence; The Trauma of Incest” brought attention to the sexual violation of girls; “Cancer in Two Voices” frankly explored how a lesbian couple navigates the death of a partner; and “It Never Ends: Mothering Middle-Aged Daughters” described the intersection of aging and mothering, while challenging the myths around both. In “The Kitchen is Closed And Other Benefits of Being Old,” Butler chronicled her experience moving from aging all the way to old, and with the recent publication of “Leaving Home at 83,” she is now proudly standing alongside and grateful for the generations of women putting their younger, non-arthritic shoulders to the wheel as they work to create the world we need to flourish. She is currently working on her next book, delighting in the richness of her life in Tucson, Arizona, and hoping not to fall. Her website, sandrabutler.net, reflects the books, articles and concerns of the past 50 years.

Do you have a compelling personal story you’d like to see published on HuffPost? Find out what we’re looking for here and send us a pitch at pitch@huffpost.com.

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Action needed after baby feed deaths, says coroner

A law change is needed after three babies die after being given contaminated feed, a coroner says.

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Keir Starmer Fury As Vladmir Putin Makes It Easier For Russia To Launch Nuclear Weapons

Keir Starmer has condemned Vladimir Putin after he made it easier for Russia to launch nuclear weapons.

The Russian president signed a decree lowering the threshold at which the country’s military can use its deadly arsenal.

It is thought to be in direct response to Joe Biden giving Ukraine the go-ahead to use American long-range missiles on targets inside Russia.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said: “The use of western non-nuclear missiles by Kyiv against Russia, under the new doctrine, could provoke a nuclear response.”

He added: “Russia has always viewed nuclear weapons as a deterrent, the use of which is an extreme, forced measure.”

Asked about the move, a spokeswoman for the prime minister said: “It would be fair to say it’s the latest example of irresponsibility that we have seen from the depraved Russian government.”

At a press conference at the G20 in Rio de Janeiro on Tuesday, Starmer said: “There is irresponsible rhetoric coming from Russia and that is not going to deter our support for Ukraine.

“We’re now on day 1,000 of that conflict. That’s 1,000 days Russian aggression, 1,000 days of sacrifice in Ukraine.

“We have stood with Ukraine from the start and have been doubling down on my clear message that we must ensure that Ukraine has what is needed for as long as is needed to win this war against Putin.”

Earlier, Starmer refused to say whether the UK government will follow Biden’s lead by allowing Ukraine to use British-made Storm Shadow long-range missiles to attack Russia.

He said: “My position has always been that Ukraine must have what it needs for as long as it needs. Putin must not win this war. But look, forgive me, I’m not going to go into operational matters, because there’s only one winner if I do that, and that is Putin and it would undermine Ukrainian efforts.”

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